(Verb)ない
Casual form verbs: present negative
About
Also known as "plain form", the casual form of verbs can include many different conjugations, across different tenses.
The negative present tense casual form is formed by combining the auxiliary verb ない with a verb's negative stem form.
To form the negative stem form of an ichidan verb, simply remove the final る. ない can then be added to create the negative casual form.
Dictionary form | Stem form | Negative, Casual form |
|---|---|---|
食べる | 食べ | 食べない |
To form the negative stem form of a godan verb, turn the final /う/ sound kana into that row's corresponding /あ/ sound kana. ない can then be added to create the negative casual form.
Rule | Dictionary form | Conjugation | Negative, Casual form |
|---|---|---|---|
For verbs ending with う, つ and る, turn the last う/つ/る into わ/た/ら, and add ない | 買う | う → わ つ → た る → ら | 買わない 待たない 売らない |
For verbs ending with く or ぐ, turn the last く/ぐ into か/が, and add ない | 書く 泳ぐ | く→ か ぐ → が | 書かない 泳がない |
For verbs ending with ぬ, ぶ and む, turn the last ぬ/ぶ/む into な/ば/ま, and add ない | 死ぬ 飛ぶ 読む | ぬ → な ぶ → ば む → ま | 死なない 飛ばない 読まない |
For verbs ending with す, turn the lastす into さ, and add ない | 話す | す → さ | 話さない |
Verbs する and 来る are exceptions:
Dictionary form | Negative, casual form |
|---|---|
する | しない |
来る | こない |
When a casual form verb comes at the end of a sentence, it indicates casual, or friendly speech. However, casual form verbs may come in the middle of a sentence when used in combination with other grammatical structures, and in this case, do not necessarily indicate casual speech.
Casual (or "plain") form verbs can appear in many different forms
The present tense negative casual form is indicated by verbs that end in ない
ない attaches to a verb's negative stem form
Summary
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Example Sentences
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