だ

Casual sentence ender

です

Polite sentence ender

だった

Casual past tense marker

でした

Polite, past tense marker

は

The は particle: basic

これ

This

それ

That

あれ

That over there

どれ

Which?

ここ

Here

そこ

There

あそこ

Over there

どこ

Where

ます

Polite form: present tense affirmative

ません

Polite form: present tense negative

の

Possesion/attribute marker

い-adjectives

I-adjectives

な-adjectives

Na-adjectives

くない

I-adjectives negative form

くありません

I-adjectives negative form (polite)

じゃない

To not be (casual)

ではない

To not be (formal)

じゃなかった

Was not (casual)

ではなかった

Was not (formal)

ではありません

Is not (polite + formal)

じゃありません

Is not (semi polite)

が

The が particle: basic

Verb (dict form)

Casual form verbs: present affirmative

(Verb)ない

Casual form verbs: present negative

を

Direct object marker

い-adjectives (affirmative past tense)

I-adjectives (affirmative past tense)

な-adjectives (affirmative past tense)

Na-adjectives (affirmative past tense)

な-adjectives (negative past tense)

Na-adjectives (negative past tense)

〜くなかった

I-adjectives negative past tense

ちゃん

Chan (honorific)

さん

San (honorific)

くん

Kun (honorific)

さま

Sama (honorific)

か

Question particle

この

This(noun)

その

That(noun)

あの

That (noun) over there

どの

Which(noun)

の

Nominalizer

のが好き・のが嫌い

Like/dislike (verbs)

好きな～・嫌いな～

Like(noun)/dislike(noun)

～好き・～嫌い

Like/dislike

も

Inclusion marker ("too/also")

～上手

Good at

～下手

To be bad at

～得意

Good with

～苦手

Bad with

～ある

There is (non-living)

～いる

There is (living)

に

Locational/target marker

た form

Casual past tense (verbs)

ました

Polite form: past tense affirmative

ませんでした

Polite form: past negative (verbs)

(verb)なかった

Casual past negative (verbs)

に

Mode of transport/purpose marker

他動詞

Transitive verbs

自動詞

Intransitive verbs

する

To do (irregular verb)

来る

To come (irregular verb)

行く

To go (irregular verb)

～つ

General counter

～個

General counter

～人

Counter for people

に

Time marker

～の前

In front of

～の後ろ

Behind

～の横

Beside

～前に

Before

～後で/に

After/later

まだ

Still/not yet

もう

Already/anymore

〜か～か

Or

よ

Sentence ender

ね

Sentence ender

よね

Sentence ender

①(Interrogative)か

Someone/somewhere/etc

(Interrogative)も

No one/nowhere/etc.

だろう

I think; it seems; probably; right?

でしょう

I think; it seems; probably; right? (polite)

から

Because

ので

Because of; given that

なくちゃ・なきゃ

Gotta

～から

From

～まで

To; until

～の中・上・下

Inside/above/under

～より

From

～ほうがいい

Had better; it'd be better to; should

より～ほうが

X is more than Y

～より

More than

～ほうが

Than/more than

～の中で～が一番

The best/most of X group

～が一番

The best/most

の・ん

Explanatory particle

こと

Nominalizer

～たことがある

Past experiences

で

Method/tool marker

へ

Direction/destination marker

で

Locational marker: in; at

で

Total time indicator/time marker

〜たい

To want to...

なる

To become

〜にきめる

To decide on...

〜になる

X has been decided/has arisen

〜にする

To decide on something

(Verb)て～

Link actions together

と

Connecting particle

一緒に

Together

と

Quotation marker

って

Quotation marker (casual)/Exclamatory marker/Casual topic marker

て form (adjectives)

Te form for adjectives

や

Connector: and/or (non-exhaustive)

（や）〜など

Things such as...

たり～たり

Do things like X and Y

〜つもり

Plan/intent to...

〜予定

Plan/intention

〜なくて

Not X, so Y/Because X, Y

〜ないで

Without...

〜ないで

Don't do (casual)

ただ～(だけ)

Only/free/just

だけ

Only/just

しか〜ない

Only/just

てから

After/since doing...

そして

And then...

それから

Since then/After that

それで

And so/And therefore

〜てはいけない

Must not...

〜なくてはいけない

Must/need to do...

ちゃいけない・じゃいけない

Must not/must (casual)

くらい / ぐらい

Approximately/To X extent

頃（ころ / ごろ）

Around/When

〜ても・～でも・〜てもいい

Even/Even if/May I...?/You may...

〜なくても/〜なくてもいい

Even/Even if/Don't have to...

でも

But

けど

But

しかし

But/However ~

〜すぎる

Too much

〜てください

Please do...

〜ないでください

Please don't do...

(Verb)て

Casual command/suggestion

～ている

...ing (ongoing action/state)

まだ～ている

Has not yet.../Still...

もう〜ている

Has already.../Already...

〜よう

Volitional form

〜ませんか

Shall we...?

ましょう

Let's...

ましょうか

Shall I...?/Shall we...?

でも

Or something

〜(て)あげる

To do (for)/To give

〜(て)くれる

Something is done for the speaker/To do (for)/To give

〜(て)もらう

To have someone do/To receive

に

Indirect object marker (giving/recieving)

～かどうか

Whether or not /if

②(Interrogative)か

Where/when/who/what...

中・内

Inside

隣・横

Beside

を

Verb of motion marker

(Number)しか～ない

Only...

～も～ない

Not even.../Also is not...

～と言ってもいい

You could say...

あまり～ない

Not really...

全然～（ない）

(Not) at all

絶対

Definitely; certainly

〜ていく

To go do X/X goes on

〜てくる

To come do X/X starts.../To go do X and come back

〜（は）〜のひとつだ

X is one of (Category)

連体詞

Pre-noun adjectival

いつも

Always

たいてい

Generally/usually

だいたい

Generally/about

ときどき

Sometimes

～て

The means/manner of an action

〜ていた

Was/had/is.. (past continuous)

ずっと

Always/for ages

〜られる/える

Potential form

〜くする

To make something... (adjective)

〜くなる

To become... (adjective)

ことにする

To decide on

ことになる

Something is decided

かもしれない

Might/maybe/probably

まで

Even/to X extent

も

Even

ことができる

Can/able to...

～かしら

I wonder... (feminine)

なあ

Sentence ender

ぞ

Sentence ender (masculine)

～かな

I wonder...

の・なの

Sentence ender

～でできる

Made from

～からできる

Made from

（です・だ）が

But

～は～（が・けど）～は......

Contrasting statements

～ない～はない

There is no... that is not/does not

のに

Despite/even though

けれども

But/however

ただし

However

毎〜

Every (time-related noun)

ごとに

Every/each (interval)

〜そう(だ)

Looks like/appears...

〜そう(だ・です)

I hear/apparently... (hearsay)

〜ようだ

It seems/appears... (formal)

〜みたい(だ)

Seems like/is similar

〜らしい

It seems/apparently...

〜らしい

Typical.../...like

〜てみる

Try something

〜そうに ・〜そうな

Looks like/seems...

私・僕・うち・俺

First person pronouns/"I"

こんな・そんな・あんな・どんな

This/that (much)...; Like this/that; How much

こんなに・そんなに・あんなに・どんなに

This much/that much/how much

〜ように・～ような

Like/as

まい～のように

Almost every...

彼・彼女・あいつ

"He/She/Them": Third-Person Pronouns in Japanese

あなた・君・お前

"You": Second-Person Pronouns in Japanese

ら・たち

Pluralizing suffixes

～ておく

To do something in advance/to go ahead and...

～みたいな

Like

～みたいに

Like

～にみえる

To look/seem/appear

～とみえる

It looks like/seems...

こう・そう・ああ・どう

Like this/like that/how

～ように

In order to...

ようになる

To become X/to reach Y point

ようにする

To try to/make sure that...

～な

Don't do... (command)

～ろ・～え

Do... (imperative)

～ようにいう

Indirect Imperatives, "Tell someone to do..."

～なくてはならない

Must do.../need to do...

～ば

Conditional form

と

If/when: conditional marker

～ばいい・〜ばよかった

Should.../should have...

～といい

I hope.../It would be nice if...

〜てよかった

I’m glad that...

である

Written language marker

〜(が)ほしい

To want X

～てほしい

I want someone to do X/I want X to happen

〜ないといけない

Must do...

〜たら

Conditional form: If/when

〜なら

Conditional marker: If/topic marker

〜なければいけない

Must/Have to

〜なければならない

Must/Have to

〜場合は

In the event of...

〜たらどう

Why don't you.../How about...

〜たらいい(ですか)

What should I do?

例えば

For example

〜ことがある

There are times.../Sometimes...

〜とき

When/At the time of...

(noun)ばかり

Nothing but.../Only...

〜てばかり(いる)

Nothing but.../Only...

〜たばかり

Just...

〜だけでなく

Not only X, but also Y...

には　①

Locational compound particle

には　②

In order to.../For...

(present tense casual verb)ところ

About to...

〜たところ

Just (finished)...

〜ているところ

Currently.../In the middle of...

～出す

To start/to (suddenly) begin...

～始める

To start/to begin...

～続ける

To continue to...

〜終わる

To finish

～たがる・～ほしがる

(Somone) wants to do.../(Someone) wants...

〜がる

To act as if/To show signs of...

〜がり

Personality descriptor

〜に気がつく

To notice/realize

〜直す

To re-do

〜やすい

Easy to/tends to

〜づらい

Difficult to...

〜にくい

Difficult to...

それでも

Even so/despite

それに

And/what's more...

さすが

Naturally/as expected/... is inevitable

やっぱり

As expected

〜やる

To give/to do a favor (casual)

差し上げる

To give (polite)

〜ください

Please (give me/do)...

お願いします

Polite request

〜なさい

Do... (polite + firm)

〜な

Do... (casual)

〜が必要

... Is necessary

〜必要がある

There is a need to...

～はず

Should be...

～はずがない

There's no way...

尊敬語

Respectful language

自分

First/second/third-person pronoun - "Self"

受身形

Passive form

～方

The way/manner of...

謙譲語

Humble language

～いただく

Humble requests

～てくれてありがとう

Thanks for doing X for me

(の)でしょうか・(の)だろうか

I wonder.../Is it...?

じゃないか・ではないか

Isn't it?/Right?

間

While/during...

間に

While/during (X happened)

～ながら

While/simultaneously

～て・～なくて

Because/due to...

(Noun)で

て form for nouns

～てすみません・～てごめんなさい

I'm sorry about...

以上・以下・以外

More/less than/except

～さ

Nominalized adjectives/"-ness"

～み

Nominalized adjective/"-ness"

～させる・～せる

Causative form

～させて（ください・くれる・いただく・もらう）

Please allow me to...

てある

Is/has been done (resulting state)

～ために

In order to.../as a result of...

てすみません

I’m sorry for

～てしまう / ちゃう

To do (accidentally/regretably/completely)

～させられる

Causative-passive form/to be forced to do...

～他（に・は・には・にも・も・の）

Other/something else...

～化

"-ization"

～風

In the style of...

～ようと思う

Planning to/thinking of doing...

～と思われている・考えられている・言われている

It is thought/said that...

～し～（し）

And.../and what's more...

と思う（とおもう）

to think…; I think…; you think…

とか～とか

among other things; such as; like ~

～うちに

During/while/before...

～中

Currently/during...

あまり

So... (that)

あまりに(も)～

Excessively/so much... that

～べき(だ)

Ought to do/must do...

なかなか～

Quite/considerably...

なかなか～ない

Not... at all/far from...

ちゃんと・きちんと・しっかり

Properly/precise/sturdy

～によると ・～によれば

According to...

～という(noun)

A noun called/where...

～というのは

The thing called X...

～ということだ・～とのことだ

It is said/apparently...

～ということ

That means...

～つう

Casual/slang quotation

全く～ない

Not... at all

～なし

Without

～ことだ

Should do/need to do... (strong advice)

～こと

Must do... (rules)

～つもりで

With the intention of.../pretending/as if

～つもりだった

I intended to/I thought I...

～ずつ

... At a time/each

それでは・それじゃ・じゃあ

Well then/in that case/with that

～では

Compound particle (in/by)

～として

As a...

～は別として

Putting X aside.../aside from...

一体

What the heck/as one

～ものだ

General fact/advice/exclamation/nostalgia

～という理由で

Due to/for the reason...

～というのは事実だ

It is a fact that...

～どころか

Far from X, Y/not only X, but Y

～代わりに

Instead of/in exchange for...

～に代わって・～に代わり

Instead of/on behalf of...

～っけ

Clarification/nostalgia/rhetorical question marker

～わ

Emphatic sentence ender

～ぜ

Masculine sentence ender

せっかく～

With great pains/long awaited/special

～がち

Tend to/often... (negative tendancy/trend)

～まま

"As is"

～っぱなし

Leave X in Y state

～っぽい

Seems.../-ish

～気味

A bit.../-ish

～せい

Due to/X is at fault for...

～おかげで

Thanks to/because of...

～くせに

In spite of/even though...

一度に

At once

わざわざ

Go out of one's way to

ますます

More and more/less and less

つい

Unintentionally

ついに

Finally/in the end

前者・後者

Former and Latter

まさか

No way/don’t tell me...

～同士

Among/fellow...

わざと

On purpose

もしかしたら・もしかすると

Might

もしかして

Perhaps/by any chance

もし(も)〜たら

If/in the case

どうしても

No matter what/really/simply

どんなに～ても

No matter how (much)

〜とおり

As (thought/expected)/in the same way as

次第（しだい）①

As soon as

次第（しだい）②

Depending on

〜でよければ

If X is alright

できれば〜

If possible...

ふりをする

To pretend/to act as if

～込む（こむ）

To do... (well/thoroughly/for a long time/inside)

～切る（きる）

To do X completely/to the end

～通す（とおす）

To do: until the end/continuously/through

～上げる・上がる

Finish doing X

たて

Just done/freshly done/newly done

かける

Half-/not yet finished/in the middle of~

(から)〜にかけて

From...until/through

きり

Since/only/always/totally

とすると

If it were the case that/assuming

としたら

If it were the case that/assuming

とすれば

If it were the case that/assuming

すると

Thereupon/then

ことはない

there is no need to; (something) never happens; there is no possibility that ~

ことは～が

although; but ~

～のは～だ

It's X that's Y ①

～のは～の方だ

It's X that's Y ②

〜型

Shapes/moulds/patterns/styles

姿

Form

まるで

as if; as though; just like ~

まさか

there's no way; that's impossible; you must be joking

めったに～ない

hardly; rarely; seldom

も～ば～も

and; also; as well; either/or; neither/nor

向け（むけ）

intended for; aimed at ~

向き（むき）

suitable for ~

むしろ

rather; instead; better ~

ながらも

but; although; despite ~

ないことはない

can do; is not impossible to ~

ないと

must do; unless/if you don't ~

なんか / なんて / など

give examples; show modesty; make light of ~

なるべく

as much as possible

なぜなら

because; the reason is; if you want to know why

んだって

I hear that; heard that ~

に違いない（にちがいない）

I’m sure/ certain; no doubt that ~

に反して（にはんして）

against; contrary to; in contrast to ~

に関する / に関して（にかんする / にかんして）

about; regarding; related to ~

に比べて（にくらべて）

compared to; in comparison to ~

に慣れる（になれる）

to be used to something

において / における

in; at (place); regarding; as for; in relation to ~

にしたがって

as; therefore; in accordance with; according to; consequently ~

にしても

even if; even though; regardless of ~

にしては

for; considering it’s (something or someone)

に対して（にたいして）

towards; against; regarding; in contrast with​ ~

にとって

to; for; concerning; as far as ... is concerned; regarding ~

について

concerning; regarding; about; on ~

につれて

as; in proportion to; with; as… then ~

によって / による

by means of; due to; owing to; because of ~

を中心に（をちゅうしんに）

focused on; centered on

をはじめ

for example; starting with

を込めて（をこめて）

filled with; full of

を通じて / を通して（をつうじて / をとおして）

through; via; throughout; by ~

さえ

even; so much as; not even

ほど～ない

is not as… as ~

さえ～ば

if only; as long as ~

際に（さいに）

when; at the time of; in the case of ~

最中に（さいちゅうに）

while; during; in the middle of ~

さらに

furthermore; again; more and more ~

さて

conjunction: well; now; then ~

せいぜい

at the most; at best; to the utmost

しばらく

for a moment; for a while; for the time being

しかない

have no choice but ~

そのために

hence; for that reason; because of ~

それとも

or; or else ~

そうもない /そうにない

very unlikely to; showing no signs of ~

すでに

something has already been done/taken place; is already the case

すなわち

in other words; namely ~

数量 + は（すうりょう + は）

at least ~

たものだ

used to do; would often do

たとたん

as soon as; just as ~

たびに

whenever; every time ~

確かに（たしかに）

surely, certainly ~

たとえ～ても

even if… is the case

たって

even if; even though; no matter how ~

てごらん

(please) try to; (please) look

てはじめて

not until; only after [x] did I

てからでないと

must first do; cannot do without first doing ~

てしょうがない・てしかたがない

can't help but; very; extremely ~

て済む（てすむ）

sufficient by; no problem to; resolve by ~

てはいけないから

in order to not~; to prevent a negative situation

ている場合じゃない（ているばあいじゃない）

this is no time to be doing ~

的（てき）

change noun into na-adjective (-ish; -like; -ish)

ても始まらない（てもはじまらない）

even if you... it’s no use; there is no point to ~

ても構わない（てもかまわない）

it doesn't matter if ~

てもしょうがない / てもしかたがない

there's no point to~; it's no use to~; it cannot be helped

と言えば（といえば）

speaking of; when you talk of; when you say; if it were the case that ~

といっても

although I say; although one might say ~

と言うと（というと）

speaking of; when you talk of; when you say ~

というより

rather than ~

とみえる / とみえて

it seems that ~

と共に（とともに）

together with; at the same time as; as well as ~

途中で/途中に（とちゅうで/とちゅうに）

on the way; in the middle of ~

ところで

by the way ~

ところが

even so; however; even though ~

とても～ない

cannot possibly be; hardly ~

とは限らない（とはかぎらない）

not necessarily so; is not always true

つい

accidentally; unintentionally; by mistake

ついに

finally; at last; in the end ~

ついでに

while, incidentally, at the same time, on the way ~

つまり

in other words; in summary; in short ~

上で（うえで）

upon; after; when; for; in order to

上に（うえに）

as well; besides; in addition to; not only… but also ~

はもちろん

not to mention; not only ... but also ~

は～で有名（は～でゆうめい）

famous for ~

わけだ

for that reason; no wonder; as you’d expect; the fact is; so you mean ~

わけではない

it doesn’t mean that; it is not the case that; I don’t mean that; it is not true that ~

わけがない

there is no way that; it is impossible to ~

わけにはいかない

must not; cannot afford to; must, have no choice but to ~

割に（わりに）

considering ~; for ~; despite ~

わざわざ

to go to the trouble of; to go out of one's way to ~

よりも

in comparison to; rather than; more than ~

ようがない

there is no way to; it’s impossible to ~

ような気がする（ようなきがする）

have a feeling that; feels like; seems like; think that ~

ように見える（ようにみえる）

to look; to seem; to appear ~

ようとしない

not try to; not make an effort to ~

ようとする

try to; attempt to; be about to ~

ずに

without doing ~

ずにはいられない

can’t help but feel; can’t help but do; must do ~

から〜にかけて

through; from [A] to [B]

結果（けっか）

as a result of; after ~

結局（けっきょく）

after all; eventually; in the end ~

決して～ない（けっして～ない）

never; by no means ~

切れない（きれない）

(Delete) unable to do; too much to finish/complete

こそ

for sure (emphasize preceding word); precisely; definitely ~

ことから

from the fact that ~

ことになっている

to be expected to; to be scheduled to; it has been decided as a rule that ~

だらけ

full of; covered with; a lot of (something undesirable)

～合う

(Action) together

じゃない

maybe; most likely; confirmation of information; express surprise towards listener

だけど

but; however; although; regarding ~

だけ

as much as ~

ふと

suddenly; accidentally; unexpectedly; unintentionally ~

がたい

very difficult to; hard to ~

ほど

degree; extent; bounds; upper limit

いくら～ても

no matter how ~

一方だ（いっぽうだ）

more and more; continue to ~

か何か（かなにか）

or something ~

ぶりに

for the first time in (period of time)

別に～ない（べつに～ない）

not really, not particularly

べきではない

should not do; must not do ~

～ばかりでなく

Not only X, but also Y

～ばかりで

Only/just...

ば～のに

Would have/should have/if only ~

～ば～ほど

The more… the more

～ばいい

Should do...

あげく

to end up; in the end; finally; after all ~

あるいは

or; either; maybe; perhaps; possibly ~

ばかり

about, approximately ~

ばかりだ

continue to (go in negative direction)

ばかりか

not only... but also; as well as ~

ばかりに

simply because; on account of~ (negative result)

ちなみに

by the way; in this connection; incidentally; (conjunction)

ちっとも～ない

(not) at all; (not) in the least ~

だけあって

being the case; precisely because; as expected from ~

だけましだ

it’s better than; one should feel grateful for ~

だけに

being the case; precisely because; as one would expect

だけのことはある

no wonder; as expected of; not ... for nothing; not ... with nothing to show for it

だけは

to do all that one can

だって

because; but; after all; even; too

でしかない

merely; nothing but; no more than; there is only ~

どころではない

not the time for; not the place for; far from; anything but ~

どうやら

possibly; apparently; seems like; somehow; barely ~

どうせ

anyhow; in any case; at any rate; after all; no matter what

得ない（えない）

unable to; cannot; it is not possible to ~

得る（える / うる）

can; to be able to; is possible to~

再び（ふたたび）

again; once more

ふうに

this way; that way; in such a way; how

がきっかけで / をきっかけに

with… as a start; as a result of; taking advantage of ~

げ

looks like; seems like; appears to ~

逆に（ぎゃくに）

conversely; on the contrary ~

反面（はんめん）

while, although; on the other hand~

果たして（はたして）

as was expected; sure enough; really; actually ~

一応（いちおう）

more or less; pretty much; roughly; tentatively ~

以上に（いじょうに）

more than; not less than; beyond ~

以上は（いじょうは）

because; since; seeing that ~

いきなり

abruptly; suddenly; all of a sudden; without warning

一気に（いっきに）

in one go; without stopping; all at once; immediately; instantly; right away ~

一方で（いっぽうで）

on one hand, on the other hand; although ~

いわゆる

what is called; as it is called; the so-called; so to speak​

いよいよ

at last; finally; beyond doubt

上（じょう）

for the sake of; from the standpoint of; as a matter of; in terms of ~

かのように

as if; just like ~

かと思ったら（かとおもったら）

just when; no sooner than ~

か～ないかのうちに

just as; right after; as soon as ~

かえって

on the contrary; rather; all the more; surprisingly ~

限り（かぎり）

as long as; while… is the case; as far as; while ~

甲斐がある（かいがある）

it’s worth one’s efforts to do something

かねない

(someone) might do something; something might happen

かねる

unable to do something; can’t do something

から言うと（からいうと）

in terms of; from the point of view of ~

からこそ

precisely because ~

から見ると（からみると）

from the point of view of; by the look of; judging from ~

からには

now that; since; so long as; because ~

からして

judging from; based on; since; from; even ~

からすると / からすれば

judging from; considering; by the look of ~

からと言って（からといって）

just because; even if; even though ~

っこない

no chance of; … is definitely not possible

ことだから

because; since ~

ことか

how…!; what…!

ことなく

without doing something even once

ことに

emphasize speaker's feelings; to my (surprise/etc)

ことにはならない

just because… doesn’t mean ~

くせして

although; despite the fact that; even though ~

まだしも

rather; better​ ~

まい

will not; will probably not; intend not to; must not ~

もかまわず

without caring; without worrying about ~

も当然だ（もとうぜんだ）

it’s only natural; no wonder; might as well ~

もの / もん

because; indicates reason/ excuse/ dissatisfaction

ものだから

so; therefore; the reason for something

ものではない

shouldn’t do something; it’s impossible to ~

ものがある

there is such a thing; to be the case that​; feels like ~

ものか / もんか

as if (something untrue were actually true); there's no way ~

ものなら

if I/we could; if ,A is possible, then ,B; if one can do something, then ~

ものの

but; although; even though ~

もっとも

but then; although; though ~

もう少しで（もうすこしで）

almost; nearly, close to ~

ないではいられない

can’t help but feel; can’t help but do ~

ないことには～ない

unless you ~

中を / 中では（なかを / なかでは）

in; on; in the midst of; when; while ~

なくはない / なくもない

it’s not that; I may (double negative)

なくて済む（なくてすむ）

get by without doing ~

何も～ない（なにも～ない）

nothing; (not) ~ at all; there’s no need to ~

なお

still; yet​; furthermore; in addition ~

ねばならない

have to do; must; should ~

にあたって

at the time; on the occasion of ~

にほかならない

nothing but; none other than ~

に限らず（にかぎらず）

not just; not only... but also ~

に限る（にかぎる）

is best; nothing is better than ~

に限って（にかぎって）

only; in particular ~

に関わらず（にかかわらず）

in spite of; regardless of ~

に関わる（にかかわる）

to relate to; to have to do with; relating to ~

に決まっている（にきまっている）

certainly; I’m sure/certain that; it must be the case that ~

に越したことはない（にこしたことはない）

it’s best that, there’s nothing better than ~

に応えて（にこたえて）

in response to ~

に加えて（にくわえて）

in addition ~

に基づいて（にもとづいて）

based on; on the basis of ~

に向かって（にむかって）

to face; to go towards; to head to ~

に応じて（におうじて）

depending on; in accordance with ~

に際して（にさいして）

on the occasion of; at the time of ~

に先立ち（にさきだち）

before; prior to ~

にせよ/ にしろ

even if; regardless; whether... or ~

にしろ～にしろ

whether… or ~

にしたら / にすれば

from one’s perspective; from the point of view of ~

にしても～にしても

regardless of whether ~

に沿って（にそって）

along with; in accordance with ~

に相違ない（にそういない）

without a doubt; certain; sure

に過ぎない（にすぎない）

no more than; just; merely; only ~

に伴って（にともなって）

as; due to; with; along with; following; accordingly ~

につけ

every time; whenever; as; whether; in (either case)​

につき

due to; because of; per; each

にわたって

throughout; over a period of ~

にも関わらず（にもかかわらず）

despite; in spite of; nevertheless; although ~

にて

in, at, with, by (formal particle)

のももっともだ

no wonder; …is only natural

の下で（のもとで）

under; with ~

の上では（のうえでは）

according to; from the viewpoint of ~

のみ

only; nothing but​

のみならず

not only; besides; as well as ~

ぬ

negative verb conjugation; traditional version of ない

抜きにして / 抜きで（ぬきにして/ ぬきで）

without; leaving out; cutting out ~

抜く（ぬく）

to do something from beginning to end; completely, extremely ~

を契機に（をけいきに）

as a good opportunity/chance to; as a result of; make the best of ~

をめぐって

concerning; in regard to ~

をもとに

based on; derived from; building on; beginning with ~

を除いて（をのぞいて）

except; with the exception of; excluding ~

を問わず（をとわず）

regardless of; irrespective of; no matter

お～願う（お～ねがう）

please do; could you please…; I ask of you to ~

おまけに

to make matters worse; besides; what's more; in addition; on top of that​

恐らく（おそらく）

perhaps; likely; probably; I dare say ~

恐れがある（おそれがある）

it is feared that; to be in danger of; to be liable to ~

及び（および）

and; as well as ~

ろくに～ない

not well; not enough; improperly; insufficiently; unsatisfactorily​ ~

幸いなことに（さいわいなことに）

fortunately; luckily; thankfully ~

せいか

perhaps because ~

せめて

at least; at most ~

次第に（しだいに）

gradually (progress into a state); in sequence; in order

しかも

moreover; furthermore; and yet; what’s more ~

その上（そのうえ）

besides; in addition; furthermore ~

それなのに

and yet; despite this; but even so ~

それなら

if that’s the case; if so ~

それにしても

nevertheless; at any rate; even so; be that as it may ~

そう言えば（そういえば）

come to think of it; now that you mention it ~

そうすると

having done that; if that is done; if it is done in that way

末に（すえに）

finally; after; following; at the end/ conclusion of ~

少しも～ない（すこしも～ない）

not one bit; not even a little ~

少なくとも（すくなくとも）

at least ~

直ちに（ただちに）

at once; immediately; directly; in person; automatically ~

たまえ

do~; order somebody to do something

てばかりはいられない

can’t keep doing ~

てでも

even if I have to; by all means ~

て以来（ていらい）

since; henceforth ~

ていては

if one keeps doing ~

てこそ

now that; since (something happened)

てならない

can't help but; dying to; extremely ~

てたまらない

can't help but; dying to; extremely ~

て当然だ（てとうぜんだ）

natural; as a matter of course

ては / では

whenever; if; when~; repetitive action

てはいられない

can’t afford to; unable to ~

てはならない

must not; cannot; should not ~

ては～ては

repetitive situations/actions

と同時に（とどうじに）

at the same time as; while; simultaneously ~

といった

like; such as ~

というふうに

in such a way that ~

ということは

that is to say; so that means; in other words ~

というものだ

something like; something called ~

というものではない

there is no guarantee that…; not necessarily ~

と考えられる（とかんがえられる）

one can think that; it is conceivable that; considered ~

とか（で）

I heard that ~

とっくに

long ago; already; a long time ago

ところだった

was just about to do something; something almost happened

ところに

at the time; just as I was ~

ところを見ると（ところをみると）

judging from; seeing that ~

とも

even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); though ~

として～ない

not at all; there is not even one

としても

assuming; even if ~

つつ

while; even though; despite ~

つつある

to be doing; to be in the process of doing ~

上は（うえは）

now that; since; as long as ~

はもとより

also; let alone; from the beginning

はともかく

anyhow; anyway; regardless; in any case; whether or not ~

わずかに

slightly; only; barely; narrowly ~

やがて

before long; soon; almost; eventually ~

やら～やら

such things as A and B; A and B and so on ~

よほど / よっぽど

very; greatly; much; to a large extent

よりほかない

to have no choice but ~

ようでは

if ~ (bad result)

ようではないか

let’s do (something); why don’t we ~

ようか～まいか

whether or not; considering options

要するに（ようするに）

in short; in a word; to sum up; to put it simply ~

ざるを得ない（ざるをえない）

cannot help (doing); have no choice but to ~

ずに済む （ずにすむ）

get by without doing ~

敢えて（あえて）

dare to; daringly; deliberately; purposely ~

あくまでも

to the end; persistently; absolutely; is still very ~

案の定（あんのじょう）

just as one thought; as usual; sure enough

あらかじめ

beforehand; in advance; previously​

あっての

which can exist solely due to the presence of; which owes everything to

ばこそ

only because ~

ばそれまでだ / たらそれまでだ

if… then it’s over

べからず / べからざる

must not; should not; do not ~

べく

in order to; for the purpose of ~

べくもない

cannot possibly be ~

べくして

as it is bound to (happen); following the natural course

びる / びて / びた

to seem to be; to appear; to behave as ~

ぶり / っぷり

style; manner; way​

ぶる / ぶって / ぶった

assuming the air of; behaving like; to pretend / act like ~

だに / だにしない

even; not even ~

だの～だの

and; and the like; and so forth ~

だろうに

(1) surely..., but ~; although... is likely, ~ (2) should have (regret); might / must have been ~

であれ / であろうと

whoever; whatever; however; even ~

であれ～であれ

whether ,A or ,B

でもあり～でもある

to also be; both… and ~

でも何でもない / くも何ともない（でもなんでもない / くもなんともない）

not in the least; nothing like that

でなくてなんだろう

must be; is definitely ~

ではあるまいか

isn't it; I wonder if it’s not ~

ではあるまいし

it’s not like; it isn’t as if ~

では済まない（ではすまない）

it doesn’t end with just ~; it will take more than ~

どうにも～ない

not … by any means; no matter how hard one tries, cannot ~

が早いか（がはやいか）

no sooner than; as soon as ~

が/も～なら、～も～だ

negative connection/comparison (like father like son)

がましい

look like; sound like; approximate; similar to; somewhat like ~

がてら

while; on the same occasion; at the same time; coincidentally ~

ごとき / ごとく / ごとし

like; as if; the same as ~

ぐるみ

together (with); -wide

羽目になる（はめになる）

to get stuck with; to end up with (something unpleasant)

ほどのことではない

it's not worth; no need to ~

ほうがましだ

better than; would rather ~

放題（ほうだい）

doing as one pleases; to one's heart's content; leaving uncontrolled

いかんだ / いかんでは / いかんによっては

in accordance with; depending on; whether or not ~

いかんにかかわらず / いかんによらず / いかんをとわず

regardless of; whether or not; doesn't matter whether ~

いかなる

any kind of; every; whatsoever; whatever

いかに

how; in what way; how much; to what extent

いかにも

indeed; really; truly; just (like); very; extremely ~

いずれにしても / いずれにしろ / いずれにせよ

anyhow; anyway; either way; in any case ~

じみた

to become; to appear like; to look like; tainted with ~

か否か（かいなか）

whether or not ~

かと思いきや（かとおもいきや）

contrary to expectations; or so we thought, but ~

限りだ（かぎりだ）

to feel strongly

甲斐もなく（かいもなく）

despite; even though ~

可能性がある（かのうせいがある）

may/might; there’s a possibility that ~

からある / からする / からの

at least; as much as; as many as ~

かれ～かれ

sooner or later; more or less

かたがた

while; at the same time; incidentally; for the purpose of ~

かたわら

while; besides; at the same time; in addition

かつて

once; before; formerly; ever; former; ex-

嫌いがある（きらいがある）

bad habit; to have a tendency to ~

切りがない（きりがない）

endless; boundless; going on forever​; there’s no end to ~

きっての

the most / greatest … of all

極まる / 極まりない（きわまる / きわまりない）

extremely; very ~

こそあれ

although; even though ~

こそすれ

and; although; but ~

こそ「～が・けれど」

but; although (emphasis)

ことごとく

altogether; entirely; completely ~

ことこの上ない / この上ない / この上なく（ことこのうえない / このうえない / このうえなく）

the most of all; the best; nothing is more ... than ~

こともあって

partly because; also because of; plus the reason for ~

ことなしに

without doing something

ことのないように

so as not to; to not ~

こととて

because; since ~

くらいなら

rather than (do ...)​

くらいのものだ

only (emphasis)

までだ / までのことだ

only; just; nothing else

までもない / までもなく

there's no need to; it’s not necessary to ~

まじき

should not; must not ~

まくる

to do over and over again; to do relentlessly

まみれ

covered with; stained; smeared with ~

まるっきり

completely; absolutely; totally; (not) at all​ ~

めく

seems; show signs of; to have the appearance of ~

も同然だ（もどうぜんだ）

just like; same as ~

もさることながら

one may well say so, but~; not only... but also ~

もしないで

without even doing ~

もはや

already; now; no longer; not anymore

もので

because; for that reason

ものを

if only; I wish; I'm sorry it's not actually (regret)

ものと思われる / ものと見られる（ものとおもわれる / ものとみられる）

to think; to suppose; it is believed/expected that ~

ものとする

shall; to assume; understood as ~

ものとして

to assume; to suppose; on the presumption that ~

もしくは

or; otherwise

んばかりに

as if; as though ~

んがために

in order to ~

ながらに / ながらの

while; during; without change; performed in this condition

ないまでも

not to say; although it does not reach the level of ~

ないものでもない

is not entirely impossible

ないものか / ないものだろうか

isn't there; can’t we…?; can’t I…?

ないとも限らない（ないともかぎらない）

not necessarily; I can't say that; maybe; might ~

なくしては

cannot do without ~

並み（なみ）

average; ordinary; same level as; equal to; on par with ~

なんという / なんと / なんて

how (beautiful, etc.); what a ~

何しろ（なにしろ）

at any rate; after all; anyhow; anyway; in any case; because; as you know ~

ならでは

distinctive of; uniquely applying to; special to ~

ならいざしらず / はいざしらず

I don't know about ... but; it may be possible for ... but ~

なり

as soon as; right after ~

なりに / なりの

suitable; in one's own way/style

なりとも

at least; even just a little (adverbial particle)

なり～なり

,A or ,B or something; for instance ~

なしに / なしで

without; without doing ~

に

and; in addition to; the combination of ~

に値する（にあたいする）

to be worth; to be worthy of; to deserve; to merit​ ~

にあって

at; on; during; in the condition of​ ~

に引き換え（にひきかえ）

compared to; in contrast to; unlike; while; whereas ~

に至る / に至った（にいたる / にいたった）

leads to; come to a conclusion

に至るまで（にいたるまで）

as far as; up until; everything from ... to ~

に至っても（にいたっても）

even if; even though; although something reached the point ~

に至っては（にいたっては）

when it comes to; as for ~

に言わせれば（にいわせれば）

if you ask; if one may say ~

に限ったことではない（にかぎったことではない）

not limited to only ~

にかかっては / にかかったら / にかかると / かかれば

when handled by (N), becomes a completely different result

にかかっている

depending on; to depend on; whether or not

にかこつけて

to use as a pretext; to use as an excuse

にかまけて

to be too busy; to focus / concentrate only on ~

に難くない（にかたくない）

easy to do; it’s not hard to (imagine, understand, guess)

にまつわる

to be related to; to concern; associated with ~

に則って（にのっとって）

based on; according to; in accordance with ~

に先駆けて（にさきがけて）

prior to; to be the first (pioneer); being ahead of ~

に忍びない（にしのびない）

cannot bring oneself (to do); unable to bear ~

にしたところで / としたところで

even if; even supposing that ~

にして

at / on / under certain conditions (time, position, age, number of times)

に即して（にそくして）

according to; in keeping with; to be based on ~

に耐える / に耐えない（にたえる / にたえない）

worth doing; can do; cannot bear doing ~

に足らない / に足りない（にたらない / にたりない）

cannot; not worthy; not worth doing ~

に足る / に足りる（にたる / にたりる）

can do; worthy; worth doing

に照らして（にてらして）

according to; in view of; in light of ~

にとどまらず

not limited to; not only… but also ~

には無理がある（にはむりがある）

difficult to do; is unreasonable / unrealistic / impossible

によらず

regardless of ~

に～を重ねて（に～をかさねて）

success after continuous (effort, work, adjustments, etc.)

にもほどがある

there is a limit to what is acceptable; to go too far

にも増して（にもまして）

more than…; above ~

には当たらない（にはあたらない）

it’s not worth; there’s no need to; does not correspond to ~

には及ばない（にはおよばない）

there is no need to; unnecessary; no match for ~

の至り（のいたり）

utmost; extremely ~

の極み（のきわみ）

utmost; extremely ~

のなんのって

extremely ~ (cannot be expressed in words)

のやら / ものやら / ことやら

I wonder...; unsure; I don’t know ~

のやら～のやら

or ~ (I don't know)

を踏まえて（をふまえて）

to be based on; to take into account ~

を経て（をへて）

through; by way of; after; via ~

を控えて（をひかえて）

to be soon; the time has come to; nearby; ahead of ~

をいいことに

to take advantage of ~

を顧みず / も顧みず（をかえりみず / もかえりみず）

despite; without considering; not worrying about; regardless of ~

を限りに（をかぎりに）

starting from; the last time (ending a continued action)

を兼ねて（をかねて）

also for the purpose of ~

を皮切りに（をかわきりに）

one after another; starting with ~

を機に（をきに）

as an opportunity/chance to ~

を禁じ得ない（をきんじえない）

can’t help but; can’t refrain from ~

をものともせずに

in defiance of; not losing to / afraid / worrying about ~

をもって / をもちまして

by means of; with; on / at / as of (time)​

をおいて～ない

only; can only be; there is no alternative, only ~

を押して / を押し切って（をおして / をおしきって）

to overcome (opposition); to push past ~

を境に（をさかいに）

since ~ (indicates a large change before & after)

を余儀なくされる（をよぎなくされる）

to be forced to do something because one has no other choice

をよそに

despite; without regards to ~

を前提として（をぜんていとして）

with the intention to; on the condition / assumption ~

思いをする（おもいをする）

to think; to feel ~

折に（おりに）

when; at the time; on the occasion ~

およそ

about; roughly; generally; approximately; completely​ ~

さ

ending particle; indicates assertion

さも

really (seem, appear, etc.); truly; as if ~

さもないと

otherwise; or else; if not ~

さぞ

surely; certainly; no doubt; indeed​ ~

始末だ（しまつだ）

end up; in the end; as a result (negative)

そばから

as soon as; right after​ ~

そびれる

to miss a chance; to fail to do ~

損なう / 損ねる / 損じる（そこなう / そこねる / そんじる）

to do something wrong; by mistake; to miss a chance; to fail to ~