だ
Casual sentence ender
です
Polite sentence ender
だった
Casual past tense marker
でした
Polite, past tense marker
は
The は particle: basic
これ
This
それ
That
あれ
That over there
どれ
Which?
ここ
Here
そこ
There
あそこ
Over there
どこ
Where
ます
Polite form: present tense affirmative
ません
Polite form: present tense negative
の
Possesion/attribute marker
い-adjectives
I-adjectives
な-adjectives
Na-adjectives
くない
I-adjectives negative form
くありません
I-adjectives negative form (polite)
じゃない
To not be (casual)
じゃなかった
Was not (casual)
ではない
To not be (formal)
ではなかった
Was not (formal)
ではありません
Is not (polite + formal)
じゃありません
Is not (semi polite)
が
The が particle: basic
Verb (dict form)
Casual form verbs: present affirmative
(Verb)ない
Casual form verbs: present negative
を
Direct object marker
い-adjectives (affirmative past tense)
I-adjectives (affirmative past tense)
な-adjectives (affirmative past tense)
Na-adjectives (affirmative past tense)
な-adjectives (negative past tense)
Na-adjectives (negative past tense)
〜くなかった
I-adjectives negative past tense
ちゃん
Chan (honorific)
さん
San (honorific)
くん
Kun (honorific)
さま
Sama (honorific)
か
Question particle
この
This(noun)
その
That(noun)
あの
That (noun) over there
どの
Which(noun)
の
Nominalizer
のが好き・のが嫌い
Like/dislike (verbs)
好きな~・嫌いな~
Like(noun)/dislike(noun)
~好き・~嫌い
Like/dislike
も
Inclusion marker ("too/also")
~上手
Good at
~下手
To be bad at
~得意
Good with
~苦手
Bad with
~ある
There is (non-living)
~いる
There is (living)
に
Locational/target marker
た form
Casual past tense (verbs)
ました
Polite form: past tense affirmative
ませんでした
Polite form: past negative (verbs)
(verb)なかった
Casual past negative (verbs)
に
Mode of transport/purpose marker
他動詞
Transitive verbs
自動詞
Intransitive verbs
する
To do (irregular verb)
来る
To come (irregular verb)
行く
To go (irregular verb)
~つ
General counter
~個
General counter
~人
Counter for people
に
Time marker
~の前
In front of
~の後ろ
Behind
~の横
Beside
~前に
Before
~後で/に
After/later
まだ
Still/not yet
もう
Already/anymore
〜か~か
Or
よ
Sentence ender
ね
Sentence ender
よね
Sentence ender
①(Interrogative)か
Someone/somewhere/etc
(Interrogative)も
No one/nowhere/etc.
だろう
I think; it seems; probably; right?
でしょう
I think; it seems; probably; right? (polite)
から
Because
ので
Because of; given that
なくちゃ・なきゃ
Gotta
~から
From
~まで
To; until
~の中・上・下
Inside/above/under
~より
From
~ほうがいい
Had better; it'd be better to; should
より~ほうが
X is more than Y
~より
More than
~ほうが
Than/more than
~の中で~が一番
The best/most of X group
~が一番
The best/most
の・ん
Explanatory particle
こと
Nominalizer
~たことがある
Past experiences
で
Method/tool marker
へ
Direction/destination marker
で
Locational marker: in; at
で
Total time indicator/time marker
〜たい
To want to...
なる
To become
いろいろな名詞の修飾
Relative Clauses: Modifying Nouns with other Nouns and Verbs
〜にきめる
To decide on...
〜になる
X has been decided/has arisen
〜にする
To decide on something
(Verb)て~
Link actions together
と
Connecting particle
一緒に
Together
と
Quotation marker
って
Quotation marker (casual)/Exclamatory marker/Casual topic marker
て form (adjectives)
Te form for adjectives
や
Connector: and/or (non-exhaustive)
(や)〜など
Things such as...
たり~たり
Do things like X and Y
〜つもり
Plan/intent to...
〜予定
Plan/intention
〜なくて
Not X, so Y/Because X, Y
〜ないで
Without...
〜ないで
Don't do (casual)
ただ~(だけ)
Only/free/just
だけ
Only/just
しか〜ない
Only/just
てから
After/since doing...
そして
And then...
それから
Since then/After that
それで
And so/And therefore
〜てはいけない
Must not...
〜なくてはいけない
Must/need to do...
ちゃいけない・じゃいけない
Must not/must (casual)
くらい / ぐらい
Approximately/To X extent
頃(ころ / ごろ)
Around/When
〜ても・~でも・〜てもいい
Even/Even if/May I...?/You may...
〜なくても/〜なくてもいい
Even/Even if/Don't have to...
でも
But
けど
But
しかし
But/However ~
〜すぎる
Too much
〜てください
Please do...
〜ないでください
Please don't do...
(Verb)て
Casual command/suggestion
~ている
...ing (ongoing action/state)
まだ~ている
Has not yet.../Still...
もう〜ている
Has already.../Already...
〜よう
Volitional form
〜ませんか
Shall we...?
ましょう
Let's...
ましょうか
Shall I...?/Shall we...?
でも
Or something
〜(て)あげる
To do (for)/To give
〜(て)くれる
Something is done for the speaker/To do (for)/To give
〜(て)もらう
To have someone do/To receive
に
Indirect object marker (giving/receiving)
~かどうか
Whether or not /if
②(Interrogative)か
Where/when/who/what...
中・内
Inside
隣・横
Beside
を
Verb of motion marker
(Number)しか~ない
Only...
~も~ない
Not even.../Also is not...
~と言ってもいい
You could say...
あまり~ない
Not really...
全然~(ない)
(Not) at all
絶対
Definitely; certainly
〜ていく
To go do X/X goes on
〜てくる
To come do X/X starts.../To go do X and come back
〜(は)〜のひとつだ
X is one of (Category)
連体詞
Pre-noun adjectival
いつも
Always
たいてい
Generally/usually
だいたい
Generally/about
ときどき
Sometimes
~て
The means/manner of an action
〜ていた
Was/had/is.. (past continuous)
ずっと
Always/for ages
〜られる/える
Potential form
〜くする
To make something... (adjective)
〜くなる
To become... (adjective)
ことにする
To decide on
ことになる
Something is decided
かもしれない
Might/maybe/probably
まで
Even/to X extent
も
Even
ことができる
Can/able to...
~かしら
I wonder... (feminine)
なあ
Sentence ender
ぞ
Sentence ender (masculine)
~かな
I wonder...
の・なの
Sentence ender
~でできる
Made from
~からできる
Made from
(です・だ)が
But
~は~(が・けど)~は......
Contrasting statements
~ない~はない
There is no... that is not/does not
のに
Despite/even though
けれども
But/however
ただし
However
毎〜
Every (time-related noun)
ごとに
Every/each (interval)
〜そう(だ)
Looks like/appears...
〜そう(だ・です)
I hear/apparently... (hearsay)
〜ようだ
It seems/appears... (formal)
〜みたい(だ)
Seems like/is similar
〜らしい
It seems/apparently...
〜らしい
Typical.../...like
〜てみる
Try something
〜そうに ・〜そうな
Looks like/seems...
私・僕・うち・俺
First person pronouns/"I"
こんな・そんな・あんな・どんな
This/that (much)...; Like this/that; How much
こんなに・そんなに・あんなに・どんなに
This much/that much/how much
〜ように・~ような
Like/as
まい~のように
Almost every...
彼・彼女・あいつ
"He/She/Them": Third-Person Pronouns in Japanese
あなた・君・お前
"You": Second-Person Pronouns in Japanese
ら・たち
Pluralizing suffixes
~ておく
To do something in advance/to go ahead and...
~みたいな
Like
~みたいに
Like
~にみえる
To look/seem/appear
~とみえる
It looks like/seems...
こう・そう・ああ・どう
Like this/like that/how
~ように
In order to...
ようになる
To become X/to reach Y point
ようにする
To try to/make sure that...
~な
Don't do... (command)
~ろ・~え
Do... (imperative)
~ようにいう
Indirect Imperatives, "Tell someone to do..."
~なくてはならない
Must do.../need to do...
~ば
Conditional form
と
If/when: conditional marker
~ばいい・〜ばよかった
Should.../should have...
~といい
I hope.../It would be nice if...
〜てよかった
I’m glad that...
である
Written language marker
〜(が)ほしい
To want X
~てほしい
I want someone to do X/I want X to happen
〜ないといけない
Must do...
〜たら
Conditional form: If/when
〜なら
Conditional marker: If/topic marker
〜なければいけない
Must/Have to
〜なければならない
Must/Have to
〜場合は
In the event of...
〜たらどう
Why don't you.../How about...
〜たらいい(ですか)
What should I do?
例えば
For example
〜ことがある
There are times.../Sometimes...
〜とき
When/At the time of...
(noun)ばかり
Nothing but.../Only...
〜てばかり(いる)
Nothing but.../Only...
〜たばかり
Just...
〜だけでなく
Not only X, but also Y...
には ①
Locational compound particle
には ②
In order to.../For...
(present tense casual verb)ところ
About to...
〜たところ
Just (finished)...
〜ているところ
Currently.../In the middle of...
~出す
To start/to (suddenly) begin...
~始める
To start/to begin...
~続ける
To continue to...
〜終わる
To finish
~たがる・~ほしがる
(Someone) wants to do.../(Someone) wants...
〜がる
To act as if/To show signs of...
〜がり
Personality descriptor
〜に気がつく
To notice/realize
〜直す
To re-do
〜やすい
Easy to/tends to
〜づらい
Difficult to...
〜にくい
Difficult to...
それでも
Even so/despite
それに
And/what's more...
さすが
Naturally/as expected/... is inevitable
やっぱり
As expected
〜やる
To give/to do a favor (casual)
差し上げる
To give (polite)
〜ください
Please (give me/do)...
お願いします
Polite request
〜なさい
Do... (polite + firm)
〜な
Do... (casual)
〜が必要
... Is necessary
〜必要がある
There is a need to...
~はず
Should be...
~はずがない
There's no way...
尊敬語
Respectful language
自分
First/second/third-person pronoun - "Self"
受身形
Passive form
~方
The way/manner of...
謙譲語
Humble language
~いただく
Humble requests
~てくれてありがとう
Thanks for doing X for me
(の)でしょうか・(の)だろうか
I wonder.../Is it...?
じゃないか・ではないか
Isn't it?/Right?
間
While/during...
間に
While/during (X happened)
~ながら
While/simultaneously
~て・~なくて
Because/due to...
(Noun)で
て form for nouns
~てすみません・~てごめんなさい
I'm sorry about...
以上・以下・以外
More/less than/except
~さ
Nominalized adjectives/"-ness"
~み
Nominalized adjective/"-ness"
~させる・~せる
Causative form
~させて(ください・くれる・いただく・もらう)
Please allow me to...
てある
Is/has been done (resulting state)
てすみません
I’m sorry for
~ために
In order to.../as a result of...
~てしまう / ちゃう
To do (accidentally/regretably/completely)
~させられる
Causative-passive form/to be forced to do...
~他(に・は・には・にも・も・の)
Other/something else...
~化
"-ization"
~風
In the style of...
~ようと思う
Planning to/thinking of doing...
~と思われている・考えられている・言われている
It is thought/said that...
~し~(し)
And.../and what's more...
と思う(とおもう)
to think…; I think…; you think…
とか~とか
among other things; such as; like ~
~うちに
During/while/before...
~中
Currently/during...
あまり
So... (that)
あまりに(も)~
Excessively/so much... that
~べき(だ)
Ought to do/must do...
なかなか~
Quite/considerably...
なかなか~ない
Not... at all/far from...
ちゃんと・きちんと・しっかり
Properly/precise/sturdy
~によると ・~によれば
According to...
~という(noun)
A noun called/where...
~というのは
The thing called X...
~ということだ・~とのことだ
It is said/apparently...
~ということ
That means...
~つう
Casual/slang quotation
全く~ない
Not... at all
~なし
Without
~ことだ
Should do/need to do... (strong advice)
~こと
Must do... (rules)
~つもりで
With the intention of.../pretending/as if
~つもりだった
I intended to/I thought I...
~ずつ
... At a time/each
それでは・それじゃ・じゃあ
Well then/in that case/with that
~では
Compound particle (in/by)
~として
As a...
~は別として
Putting X aside.../aside from...
一体
What the heck/as one
~ものだ
General fact/advice/exclamation/nostalgia
~という理由で
Due to/for the reason...
~というのは事実だ
It is a fact that...
~どころか
Far from X, Y/not only X, but Y
~代わりに
Instead of/in exchange for...
~に代わって・~に代わり
Instead of/on behalf of...
~っけ
Clarification/nostalgia/rhetorical question marker
~わ
Emphatic sentence ender
~ぜ
Masculine sentence ender
せっかく~
With great pains/long awaited/special
~がち
Tend to/often... (negative tendancy/trend)
~まま
"As is"
~っぱなし
Leave X in Y state
~っぽい
Seems.../-ish
~気味
A bit.../-ish
~せい
Due to/X is at fault for...
~おかげで
Thanks to/because of...
~くせに
In spite of/even though...
一度に
At once
わざわざ
Go out of one's way to
ますます
More and more/less and less
つい
Unintentionally
ついに
Finally/in the end
前者・後者
Former and Latter
まさか
No way/don’t tell me...
~同士
Among/fellow...
わざと
On purpose
もしかしたら・もしかすると
Might
もしかして
Perhaps/by any chance
もし(も)〜たら
If/in the case
どうしても
No matter what/really/simply
どんなに~ても
No matter how (much)
〜とおり
As (thought/expected)/in the same way as
次第(しだい)①
As soon as
次第(しだい)②
Depending on
〜でよければ
If X is alright
できれば〜
If possible...
ふりをする
To pretend/to act as if
~込む(こむ)
To do... (well/thoroughly/for a long time/inside)
~切る(きる)
To do X completely/to the end
~通す(とおす)
To do: until the end/continuously/through
~上げる・上がる
Finish doing X
~たて
Just done/fresh/new
~かける
Half-/not yet finished/in the middle of~/nearly/almost
(から)〜にかけて
From...until/through
~きり
Since/only/always/totally
とすると
If that was the case/assuming
としたら
If it were the case that/assuming
とすれば
If it were the case that/assuming
すると
Thereupon/then
~のは~だ
It's X that's Y
~のは~の方だ
X is the one that's Y
〜型
Shapes/moulds/patterns/styles
姿 (すがた)
Form
~向け(むけ)
Intended for/aimed at
~向き(むき)
Suitable for
~てごらん
Try and do X (soft command)
への・での
の compound particles ①
からの・までの
の compound particles ②
との①・との②
の compound particles ③
ところが
However/even though
〜たところ
When X, Y
ところで
By the way...
ほど
Approximations/degree/extent
ほど~ない
Not as X as Y/X is the most...
~ば~ほど
The more you X the more you Y
〜のに
(In order) to do X/for...
〜的(てき)
-like/-al/-ly
もの / もん
‘Cause/excuse
〜ずに
Without doing X
〜ず
Didn't do X (so Y)
〜ずにはいられない
Cannot help but…
〜最中に(さいちゅうに)
While/during/in the middle of
〜上で①
Upon/after
〜上で②
When/for/in order to
すでに
Already been done/taken place/is already the case
〜に基づく
Based on/on the basis of ~
~点
An important point
なぜなら〜から
Because/the reason is
こそ①
Precisely/definitely
こそ②:〜からこそ・それこそ
Precisely because/*that* is X
~一方だ
X continues to Y
~一方で
On one hand/doing X, and also doing Y
~ばかりで
Only/just/nothing but...
~ばかりでなく
Not only X, but also Y
~ばかりだ
Continue to (go in a negative direction)/All one can do is X
~ばかりに
Simply because/on account of~ (negative result)
〜は~ことなのだ
X means that...
~は~で有名
X is famous for Y
〜ことはない①
There’s no need to...
〜ことはない②
X never happens/won't happen
〜と言っても
Even if one says X...
第一
The "first"
~と言うと
Speaking of X.../If you say X/by X, do you mean Y
~と言えば
Speaking of X/X is X but...
~と言ったら
Speaking of X.../When it comes to X
~ながらも
Even though...
~において・における
In terms of X/in/at/during (formal)
~合う
Together/reciprocally (compound verb)
~に合った・に合わせて
To fit with X
について
Concerning/regarding/about
〜おきに
Every/each (interval)
〜たびに
Every time/whenever
あるいは
Perhaps/or
~と(も)言える
You could say...
〜たとたん(に)
As soon as
そのため(に)
Due to that/for that reason
直ちに(ただちに)
Immediately
とともに①
Together with
とともに②
At the same time/While X, also Y
とともに③
As X happens, so does Y (long time periods/actions of change)
~に比べて・と比べて
Compared to
~につれて
Along with
〜にしたがって
In accordance with
従う(したがう)
To follow/in accordance with
〜によって / 〜により/ 〜による①
Depending on
〜によって / 〜により/ 〜による②
Due to
〜によって / 〜により / 〜による③
By means of/by
~かは~によって(ちがう)
X differs, depending on...
~ついでに
While/incidentally/at the same time/on the way
わけ①・②
For that reason / that's why (explanation/reasoning/understanding)
わけ③・④
So you mean... / I'm saying X (rephrasing/summarizing/emphasis)
また
Moreover/as well/or
なんか・なんて
Providing examples/belittling the subject
なんて
Disbelief/emphatic statements
~考えられない
Unthinkable/can't believe
~と同時に
At the same time as/while/simultaneously
~ないことはない
It's not that X isn't Y
〜ところだった
I nearly/almost...
そうもない /そうにない / そうにもない
Seems unlikely to
んだって
Emphatic quoting
だって~
'Cause
~(んだ)って
Emphasis/repetition
~に関係がある/関係のある
There is a connection
~に関する / に関して
About/regarding/related to ~
〜ことに
To my (surprise; frustration; etc.)
~に対して①
Towards; for
~に対して②
Compared to
~に対して③
Ratios/proportions
くらい/ぐらい②-1
To X extent
くらい/ぐらい②-2
X is about the only thing that...
くらい/ぐらい②-3
X is easy/unimportant
Intermediate だけ ①
As much as
Intermediate だけ ②: だけしか
Only X, nothing else
さ・さぁ・さあ
Ending particle/indicates assertion
それぞれ
Each
そこで①
Therefore/as such/so
そこで②
When X, "then" Y
そこを
There (concept/attribute/non-physical)
言うまでもない
It goes without saying
~しかない・~ほかない
No choice but to...
〜ようとする
Try to…/be about to…
~ようとしない
Won't even try to...
〜ようと思わない
No desire to...
割に(わりに)
Considering/for/despite
もっとも
Although
めったに~ない
Hardly/rarely/seldom
ほとんど(〜ない)
Mostly/(the) majority/hardly/barely
~に限る(にかぎる)①
X is limited to Y
~に限る(にかぎる)②
X is the best for Y
〜に当たる
X corresponds to...
~当たり
Per
~に違いない(にちがいない)
There’s no doubt that…
〜と同じで
Similar to
〜と違って
Different to
〜と並んで
Comparable with
なるべく
As (much) as possible
再び(ふたたび)
Again/once more
さらに
Even more
ふと
Sudden/unexpected/unintentionally/quickly
~ても構わない(てもかまわない)
I don't mind if you do X/giving permission/asking perimssion
〜ても〜てなくても
Whether or not
~わけがない
There's no way
~で言うと
In terms of X
~で言う・で言うと・で言うところの
X is equivalent to...
(なぜ・どこ・だれ・いつ・なに)かというと〜
If I were to say (why/where/who/etc.)...
〜ことか
Who could say how.../God knows how...
(数量 etc.) + は
At least (X amount, etc.)
たとえ~ても
Even if
わけにはいかない
Cannot afford to/must/have no choice but to ~
〜わけではない①
X doesn’t mean that/It is not the case that... (clarification)
~わけではない②
X is not completely Y (partial negation)
〜とは限らない(とはかぎらない)
Not necessarily so/is not always true
必ずしも〜(かならずしも)
X isn't necessarily Y/X isn't guaranteed to be Y
決して~ない(けっして~ない)
By no means
〜だらけ
Covered in/surrounded by/full of…
別に~ない(べつに~ない)
Not really/not particularly
とても~(ない)
Cannot possibly do X
まるで
As if/as though
ような気がする
I have a feeling that…
つまり
In other words/in summary
すなわち
In other words
むしろ
On the contrary/rather/instead
というより
Rather than
〜たものだ
Used to do/would often do (nostalgia/retrospective)
~さえ
Even/so much as/not even
さえ~ば
If only/as long as
ば~のに
Would have/should have/if only ~
〜てはじめて
It wasn't until.../not until/only after X did I
〜をはじめ
Such as.../for example/starting with
〜ぶり(に)
For the first time in...
〜はもちろん
Of course X, but also Y/... Is X, let alone Y
〜ことから
Based on (the fact)…
〜から言うと・〜から言えば・〜から言ったら
From the perspective of...
〜てからでないと
Can't do X until...
〜てはいけないから
"X won't do, so..."
〜にとって
To/for...
〜にしては
Considering/for X...
結局(けっきょく)
In the end/after all/eventually
結果(けっか)
As a result of
〜にかけては
When it comes to...
〜にかけても
(Even) with X on the line
〜を通じて / を通して(をつうじて / をとおして)
Through/via/throughout/by
〜てすむ
Resolve by way of/X is sufficient
ても始まらない(てもはじまらない)
It's pointless to X/X won't progress even if
てもしょうがない / てもしかたがない
There's no point in/it's no use to/it cannot be helped
〜がたい
Very difficult to/hard to ~
〜にしても
Even if/even though/regardless of ~
〜にしても~にしても
Regardless of whether ~
〜ことになっている
To be expected to/to be scheduled to/it has been decided as a rule that ~
途中で/途中に(とちゅうで/とちゅうに)
On the way/in the middle of ~
ことは~が
X may be true, but...
〜ている場合じゃない(ているばあいじゃない)
This is no time to be doing ~
から〜にかけて
through; from [A] to [B]
わたし、どこ?あなた、だれ?
Lost panda`
わたし、どこ?あなた、だれ?
Lost panda
わたし、どこ?あなた、だれ?
Lost panda
delete
delete
ないと
must do; unless/if you don't ~
わたし、どこ?あなた、だれ?
Lost panda
わたし、どこ?あなた、だれ?
Lost panda
わたし、どこ?あなた、だれ?
Lost panda
わたし、どこ?あなた、だれ?
Lost panda
わたし、どこ?あなた、だれ?
Lost panda
わたし、どこ?あなた、だれ?
Lost panda
わたし、どこ?あなた、だれ?
Lost panda
わたし、どこ?あなた、だれ?
Lost panda
わたし、どこ?あなた、だれ?
Lost panda
わたし、だれ?あなた、どこ?
Lost panda
わたし、どこ?あなた、だれ?
Lost panda
わたし、どこ?あなた、だれ?
Lost panda
まさか
there's no way; that's impossible; you must be joking
てしょうがない・てしかたがない
can't help but; very; extremely ~
~やら~やら
(Things like/such as) X and Y
~というか~というか
I'm not sure if X, or Y, but.../Or rather/How should I put it...
~というか
More than X, it's...
にもかかわらず
Despite/in spite of/nevertheless/although ~
〜ものの・〜とはいうものの
But/although/even though ~
ものだから・もので
Because/so/therefore
〜につき①
Due to/because of
〜につき②
Per
〜つつある
To be in the process of doing/continues to
〜つつ(も)
Despite/while/even though
〜つつ
While doing X, also Y (formal)
だけに
being the case; precisely because; as one would expect
だけのことはある
no wonder; as expected of; not ... for nothing; not ... with nothing to show for it
〜とは
I didn't know/I was surprised that
だけは
to do all that one can
でしかない
merely; nothing but; no more than; there is only ~
どころではない
not the time for; not the place for; far from; anything but ~
どうやら
possibly; apparently; seems like; somehow; barely ~
どうせ
anyhow; in any case; at any rate; after all; no matter what
得ない(えない)
unable to; cannot; it is not possible to ~
得る(える / うる)
can; to be able to; is possible to~
ふうに
this way; that way; in such a way; how
がきっかけで / をきっかけに
with… as a start; as a result of; taking advantage of ~
げ
looks like; seems like; appears to ~
逆に(ぎゃくに)
conversely; on the contrary ~
反面(はんめん)
while, although; on the other hand~
果たして(はたして)
as was expected; sure enough; really; actually ~
一応(いちおう)
more or less; pretty much; roughly; tentatively ~
以上に(いじょうに)
more than; not less than; beyond ~
以上は(いじょうは)
because; since; seeing that ~
いきなり
abruptly; suddenly; all of a sudden; without warning
一気に(いっきに)
in one go; without stopping; all at once; immediately; instantly; right away ~
いわゆる
what is called; as it is called; the so-called; so to speak
いよいよ
at last; finally; beyond doubt
上(じょう)
for the sake of; from the standpoint of; as a matter of; in terms of ~
かのように
as if; just like ~
かと思ったら(かとおもったら)
just when; no sooner than ~
か~ないかのうちに
just as; right after; as soon as ~
かえって
on the contrary; rather; all the more; surprisingly ~
限り(かぎり)
as long as; while… is the case; as far as; while ~
甲斐がある(かいがある)
it’s worth one’s efforts to do something
かねない
(someone) might do something; something might happen
かねる
unable to do something; can’t do something
からこそ
precisely because ~
から見ると(からみると)
from the point of view of; by the look of; judging from ~
からには
now that; since; so long as; because ~
からして
judging from; based on; since; from; even ~
からすると / からすれば
judging from; considering; by the look of ~
からと言って(からといって)
just because; even if; even though ~
っこない
no chance of; … is definitely not possible
ことだから
because; since ~
ことなく
without doing something even once
ことにはならない
just because… doesn’t mean ~
くせして
although; despite the fact that; even though ~
まだしも
rather; better ~
まい
will not; will probably not; intend not to; must not ~
もかまわず
without caring; without worrying about ~
も当然だ(もとうぜんだ)
it’s only natural; no wonder; might as well ~
ものではない
shouldn’t do something; it’s impossible to ~
ものがある
there is such a thing; to be the case that; feels like ~
ものか / もんか
as if (something untrue were actually true); there's no way ~
ものなら
if I/we could; if ,A is possible, then ,B; if one can do something, then ~
もう少しで(もうすこしで)
almost; nearly, close to ~
ないではいられない
can’t help but feel; can’t help but do ~
ないことには~ない
unless you ~
中を / 中では(なかを / なかでは)
in; on; in the midst of; when; while ~
なくはない / なくもない
it’s not that; I may (double negative)
なくて済む(なくてすむ)
get by without doing ~
何も~ない(なにも~ない)
nothing; (not) ~ at all; there’s no need to ~
なお
still; yet; furthermore; in addition ~
ねばならない
have to do; must; should ~
にあたって
at the time; on the occasion of ~
にほかならない
nothing but; none other than ~
に限らず(にかぎらず)
not just; not only... but also ~
に限って(にかぎって)
only; in particular ~
に関わらず(にかかわらず)
in spite of; regardless of ~
に関わる(にかかわる)
to relate to; to have to do with; relating to ~
に決まっている(にきまっている)
certainly; I’m sure/certain that; it must be the case that ~
に越したことはない(にこしたことはない)
it’s best that, there’s nothing better than ~
に応えて(にこたえて)
in response to ~
に加えて(にくわえて)
in addition ~
に向かって(にむかって)
to face; to go towards; to head to ~
に応じて(におうじて)
depending on; in accordance with ~
に際して(にさいして)
on the occasion of; at the time of ~
に先立ち(にさきだち)
before; prior to ~
にせよ/ にしろ
even if; regardless; whether... or ~
にしろ~にしろ
whether… or ~
にしたら / にすれば
from one’s perspective; from the point of view of ~
に沿って(にそって)
along with; in accordance with ~
に相違ない(にそういない)
without a doubt; certain; sure
に過ぎない(にすぎない)
no more than; just; merely; only ~
に伴って(にともなって)
as; due to; with; along with; following; accordingly ~
につけ
every time; whenever; as; whether; in (either case)
にわたって
throughout; over a period of ~
にて
in, at, with, by (formal particle)
のももっともだ
no wonder; …is only natural
の下で(のもとで)
under; with ~
の上では(のうえでは)
according to; from the viewpoint of ~
のみ
only; nothing but
のみならず
not only; besides; as well as ~
ぬ
negative verb conjugation; traditional version of ない
抜きにして / 抜きで(ぬきにして/ ぬきで)
without; leaving out; cutting out ~
抜く(ぬく)
to do something from beginning to end; completely, extremely ~
を契機に(をけいきに)
as a good opportunity/chance to; as a result of; make the best of ~
をめぐって
concerning; in regard to ~
をもとに
based on; derived from; building on; beginning with ~
を除いて(をのぞいて)
except; with the exception of; excluding ~
を問わず(をとわず)
regardless of; irrespective of; no matter
お~願う(お~ねがう)
please do; could you please…; I ask of you to ~
おまけに
to make matters worse; besides; what's more; in addition; on top of that
恐らく(おそらく)
perhaps; likely; probably; I dare say ~
恐れがある(おそれがある)
it is feared that; to be in danger of; to be liable to ~
及び(および)
and; as well as ~
ろくに~ない
not well; not enough; improperly; insufficiently; unsatisfactorily ~
幸いなことに(さいわいなことに)
fortunately; luckily; thankfully ~
せいか
perhaps because ~
せめて
at least; at most ~
次第に(しだいに)
gradually (progress into a state); in sequence; in order
しかも
moreover; furthermore; and yet; what’s more ~
その上(そのうえ)
besides; in addition; furthermore ~
それなのに
and yet; despite this; but even so ~
それなら
if that’s the case; if so ~
それにしても
nevertheless; at any rate; even so; be that as it may ~
そう言えば(そういえば)
come to think of it; now that you mention it ~
そうすると
having done that; if that is done; if it is done in that way
末に(すえに)
finally; after; following; at the end/ conclusion of ~
少しも~ない(すこしも~ない)
not one bit; not even a little ~
少なくとも(すくなくとも)
at least ~
たまえ
do~; order somebody to do something
てばかりはいられない
can’t keep doing ~
てでも
even if I have to; by all means ~
て以来(ていらい)
since; henceforth ~
ていては
if one keeps doing ~
てこそ
now that; since (something happened)
てならない
can't help but; dying to; extremely ~
てたまらない
can't help but; dying to; extremely ~
て当然だ(てとうぜんだ)
natural; as a matter of course
上に(うえに)
as well; besides; in addition to; not only… but also ~
ては / では
whenever; if; when~; repetitive action
てはいられない
can’t afford to; unable to ~
てはならない
must not; cannot; should not ~
ては~ては
repetitive situations/actions
といった
like; such as ~
というふうに
in such a way that ~
ということは
that is to say; so that means; in other words ~
というものだ
something like; something called ~
というものではない
there is no guarantee that…; not necessarily ~
と考えられる(とかんがえられる)
one can think that; it is conceivable that; considered ~
とか(で)
I heard that ~
ようがない
there is no way to; it’s impossible to ~
とっくに
long ago; already; a long time ago
ところに
at the time; just as I was ~
ところを見ると(ところをみると)
judging from; seeing that ~
とも
even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); though ~
として~ない
not at all; there is not even one
としても
assuming; even if ~
上は(うえは)
now that; since; as long as ~
はもとより
also; let alone; from the beginning
はともかく
anyhow; anyway; regardless; in any case; whether or not ~
わずかに
slightly; only; barely; narrowly ~
やがて
before long; soon; almost; eventually ~
よほど / よっぽど
very; greatly; much; to a large extent
よりほかない
to have no choice but ~
ようでは
if ~ (bad result)
ようではないか
let’s do (something); why don’t we ~
ようか~まいか
whether or not; considering options
要するに(ようするに)
in short; in a word; to sum up; to put it simply ~
ざるを得ない(ざるをえない)
cannot help (doing); have no choice but to ~
ずに済む (ずにすむ)
get by without doing ~
それとも (N2)
or; or else ~
に反して(にはんして)(N2)
against; contrary to; in contrast to ~
も~ば~も
and; also; as well; either/or; neither/nor
を中心に(をちゅうしんに)(N2)
focused on; centered on
たって (N2)
even if; even though; no matter how ~
際に(さいに)(N2)
when; at the time of; in the case of ~
せいぜい (N2)
at the most; at best; to the utmost
あげく
to end up; in the end; finally; after all ~
ばかり
about, approximately ~
ばかりか
not only... but also; as well as ~
ちなみに
by the way; in this connection; incidentally; (conjunction)
ちっとも~ない
(not) at all; (not) in the least ~
だけあって
being the case; precisely because; as expected from ~
だけましだ
it’s better than; one should feel grateful for ~
か何か(かなにか)
or something ~
確かに(たしかに)
surely, certainly ~
を込めて(をこめて)
filled with; full of
敢えて(あえて)
dare to; daringly; deliberately; purposely ~
あくまでも
to the end; persistently; absolutely; is still very ~
案の定(あんのじょう)
just as one thought; as usual; sure enough
あらかじめ
beforehand; in advance; previously
あっての
which can exist solely due to the presence of; which owes everything to
ばこそ
only because ~
ばそれまでだ / たらそれまでだ
if… then it’s over
べからず / べからざる
must not; should not; do not ~
べく
in order to; for the purpose of ~
べくもない
cannot possibly be ~
べくして
as it is bound to (happen); following the natural course
びる / びて / びた
to seem to be; to appear; to behave as ~
ぶり / っぷり
style; manner; way
ぶる / ぶって / ぶった
assuming the air of; behaving like; to pretend / act like ~
だに / だにしない
even; not even ~
だの~だの
and; and the like; and so forth ~
だろうに
(1) surely..., but ~; although... is likely, ~ (2) should have (regret); might / must have been ~
であれ / であろうと
whoever; whatever; however; even ~
であれ~であれ
whether ,A or ,B
でもあり~でもある
to also be; both… and ~
でも何でもない / くも何ともない(でもなんでもない / くもなんともない)
not in the least; nothing like that
でなくてなんだろう
must be; is definitely ~
ではあるまいか
isn't it; I wonder if it’s not ~
ではあるまいし
it’s not like; it isn’t as if ~
では済まない(ではすまない)
it doesn’t end with just ~; it will take more than ~
どうにも~ない
not … by any means; no matter how hard one tries, cannot ~
が早いか(がはやいか)
no sooner than; as soon as ~
が/も~なら、~も~だ
negative connection/comparison (like father like son)
がましい
look like; sound like; approximate; similar to; somewhat like ~
がてら
while; on the same occasion; at the same time; coincidentally ~
ごとき / ごとく / ごとし
like; as if; the same as ~
ぐるみ
together (with); -wide
羽目になる(はめになる)
to get stuck with; to end up with (something unpleasant)
ほどのことではない
it's not worth; no need to ~
ほうがましだ
better than; would rather ~
放題(ほうだい)
doing as one pleases; to one's heart's content; leaving uncontrolled
いかんだ / いかんでは / いかんによっては
in accordance with; depending on; whether or not ~
いかんにかかわらず / いかんによらず / いかんをとわず
regardless of; whether or not; doesn't matter whether ~
いかなる
any kind of; every; whatsoever; whatever
いかに
how; in what way; how much; to what extent
いかにも
indeed; really; truly; just (like); very; extremely ~
いずれにしても / いずれにしろ / いずれにせよ
anyhow; anyway; either way; in any case ~
じみた
to become; to appear like; to look like; tainted with ~
か否か(かいなか)
whether or not ~
かと思いきや(かとおもいきや)
contrary to expectations; or so we thought, but ~
限りだ(かぎりだ)
to feel strongly
甲斐もなく(かいもなく)
despite; even though ~
可能性がある(かのうせいがある)
may/might; there’s a possibility that ~
からある / からする / からの
at least; as much as; as many as ~
かれ~かれ
sooner or later; more or less
かたがた
while; at the same time; incidentally; for the purpose of ~
かたわら
while; besides; at the same time; in addition
かつて
once; before; formerly; ever; former; ex-
嫌いがある(きらいがある)
bad habit; to have a tendency to ~
切りがない(きりがない)
endless; boundless; going on forever; there’s no end to ~
きっての
the most / greatest … of all
極まる / 極まりない(きわまる / きわまりない)
extremely; very ~
こそあれ
although; even though ~
こそすれ
and; although; but ~
こそ「~が・けれど」
but; although (emphasis)
ことごとく
altogether; entirely; completely ~
ことこの上ない / この上ない / この上なく(ことこのうえない / このうえない / このうえなく)
the most of all; the best; nothing is more ... than ~
こともあって
partly because; also because of; plus the reason for ~
ことなしに
without doing something
ことのないように
so as not to; to not ~
こととて
because; since ~
くらいなら
rather than (do ...)
くらいのものだ
only (emphasis)
までだ / までのことだ
only; just; nothing else
までもない / までもなく
there's no need to; it’s not necessary to ~
まじき
should not; must not ~
まくる
to do over and over again; to do relentlessly
まみれ
covered with; stained; smeared with ~
まるっきり
completely; absolutely; totally; (not) at all ~
めく
seems; show signs of; to have the appearance of ~
も同然だ(もどうぜんだ)
just like; same as ~
もさることながら
one may well say so, but~; not only... but also ~
もしないで
without even doing ~
もはや
already; now; no longer; not anymore
もので
because; for that reason
ものを
if only; I wish; I'm sorry it's not actually (regret)
ものと思われる / ものと見られる(ものとおもわれる / ものとみられる)
to think; to suppose; it is believed/expected that ~
ものとする
shall; to assume; understood as ~
ものとして
to assume; to suppose; on the presumption that ~
もしくは
or; otherwise
んばかりに
as if; as though ~
んがために
in order to ~
ながらに / ながらの
while; during; without change; performed in this condition
ないまでも
not to say; although it does not reach the level of ~
ないものでもない
is not entirely impossible
ないものか / ないものだろうか
isn't there; can’t we…?; can’t I…?
ないとも限らない(ないともかぎらない)
not necessarily; I can't say that; maybe; might ~
なくしては
cannot do without ~
並み(なみ)
average; ordinary; same level as; equal to; on par with ~
なんという / なんと / なんて
how (beautiful, etc.); what a ~
何しろ(なにしろ)
at any rate; after all; anyhow; anyway; in any case; because; as you know ~
ならでは
distinctive of; uniquely applying to; special to ~
ならいざしらず / はいざしらず
I don't know about ... but; it may be possible for ... but ~
なり
as soon as; right after ~
なりに / なりの
suitable; in one's own way/style
なりとも
at least; even just a little (adverbial particle)
なり~なり
,A or ,B or something; for instance ~
なしに / なしで
without; without doing ~
に
and; in addition to; the combination of ~
に値する(にあたいする)
to be worth; to be worthy of; to deserve; to merit ~
にあって
at; on; during; in the condition of ~
に引き換え(にひきかえ)
compared to; in contrast to; unlike; while; whereas ~
に至る / に至った(にいたる / にいたった)
leads to; come to a conclusion
に至るまで(にいたるまで)
as far as; up until; everything from ... to ~
に至っても(にいたっても)
even if; even though; although something reached the point ~
に至っては(にいたっては)
when it comes to; as for ~
に言わせれば(にいわせれば)
if you ask; if one may say ~
に限ったことではない(にかぎったことではない)
not limited to only ~
にかかっては / にかかったら / にかかると / かかれば
when handled by (N), becomes a completely different result
にかかっている
depending on; to depend on; whether or not
にかこつけて
to use as a pretext; to use as an excuse
にかまけて
to be too busy; to focus / concentrate only on ~
に難くない(にかたくない)
easy to do; it’s not hard to (imagine, understand, guess)
にまつわる
to be related to; to concern; associated with ~
に則って(にのっとって)
based on; according to; in accordance with ~
に先駆けて(にさきがけて)
prior to; to be the first (pioneer); being ahead of ~
に忍びない(にしのびない)
cannot bring oneself (to do); unable to bear ~
にしたところで / としたところで
even if; even supposing that ~
にして
at / on / under certain conditions (time, position, age, number of times)
に即して(にそくして)
according to; in keeping with; to be based on ~
に耐える / に耐えない(にたえる / にたえない)
worth doing; can do; cannot bear doing ~
に足らない / に足りない(にたらない / にたりない)
cannot; not worthy; not worth doing ~
に足る / に足りる(にたる / にたりる)
can do; worthy; worth doing
に照らして(にてらして)
according to; in view of; in light of ~
にとどまらず
not limited to; not only… but also ~
には無理がある(にはむりがある)
difficult to do; is unreasonable / unrealistic / impossible
によらず
regardless of ~
に~を重ねて(に~をかさねて)
success after continuous (effort, work, adjustments, etc.)
にもほどがある
there is a limit to what is acceptable; to go too far
にも増して(にもまして)
more than…; above ~
には当たらない(にはあたらない)
it’s not worth; there’s no need to; does not correspond to ~
には及ばない(にはおよばない)
there is no need to; unnecessary; no match for ~
の至り(のいたり)
utmost; extremely ~
の極み(のきわみ)
utmost; extremely ~
のなんのって
extremely ~ (cannot be expressed in words)
のやら / ものやら / ことやら
I wonder...; unsure; I don’t know ~
のやら~のやら
or ~ (I don't know)
を踏まえて(をふまえて)
to be based on; to take into account ~
を経て(をへて)
through; by way of; after; via ~
を控えて(をひかえて)
to be soon; the time has come to; nearby; ahead of ~
をいいことに
to take advantage of ~
を顧みず / も顧みず(をかえりみず / もかえりみず)
despite; without considering; not worrying about; regardless of ~
を限りに(をかぎりに)
starting from; the last time (ending a continued action)
を兼ねて(をかねて)
also for the purpose of ~
を皮切りに(をかわきりに)
one after another; starting with ~
を機に(をきに)
as an opportunity/chance to ~
を禁じ得ない(をきんじえない)
can’t help but; can’t refrain from ~
をものともせずに
in defiance of; not losing to / afraid / worrying about ~
をもって / をもちまして
by means of; with; on / at / as of (time)
をおいて~ない
only; can only be; there is no alternative, only ~
を押して / を押し切って(をおして / をおしきって)
to overcome (opposition); to push past ~
を境に(をさかいに)
since ~ (indicates a large change before & after)
を余儀なくされる(をよぎなくされる)
to be forced to do something because one has no other choice
をよそに
despite; without regards to ~
を前提として(をぜんていとして)
with the intention to; on the condition / assumption ~
思いをする(おもいをする)
to think; to feel ~
折に(おりに)
when; at the time; on the occasion ~
およそ
about; roughly; generally; approximately; completely ~
さも
really (seem, appear, etc.); truly; as if ~
さもないと
otherwise; or else; if not ~
さぞ
surely; certainly; no doubt; indeed ~
始末だ(しまつだ)
end up; in the end; as a result (negative)
そばから
as soon as; right after ~
そびれる
to miss a chance; to fail to do ~
損なう / 損ねる / 損じる(そこなう / そこねる / そんじる)
to do something wrong; by mistake; to miss a chance; to fail to ~
術がない(すべがない)
there is no way / means; cannot do ~
すら / ですら
even ~ (with emphasis)
た弾みに / た拍子に(たはずみに / たひょうしに)
the moment ,A, unintentionally / inadvertently caused something to happen
たことにする / たことになる
pretend to; see things as untrue; contrary to the truth ~
たところで
even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how)
たつもりはない
have no intention to / didn't mean to ~
ただ~のみだ
all we can do is; can do nothing but; only ~
ためしがない
is never the case; has never happened; I have never seen or heard of ~
たら最後 / たが最後(たらさいご / たがさいご)
if you do... negative result
たら~たで
if / in the case... of course / should ~
たら~ところだ
if... (counterfactual condition), then would be ~
たりとも
not even; not any ~
たるもの / たる
(those) who are; (that) which is; in the capacity of ... should ~
て敵わない(てかなわない)
can't bear to; unable to; troublesome to; can’t stand to ~
てからというもの
ever since ~
てみせる
I’ll do my best; I'll definitely do; I'll show you ~
てしかるべきだ
should; appropriate; it is natural to do ~
て済むことではない(てすむことではない)
~ is not enough to solve the problem; cannot be resolved by ~
てやまない
always; never stop; can’t help but ~
手前(てまえ)
considering; before; in front of; one’s standpoint
てもどうにもならない
it's no use; can't do anything
ても差し支えない(てもさしつかえない)
can ~; it’s okay if ~ (indicates permission or compromise)
ても知らない(てもしらない)
if (you) continue... you'll end up / I don't care about it
と相まって(とあいまって)
together with..., more; because of the influence of..., more ~
とあれば
if it is the case that; if ~
とあって
due to the fact that; because of ~
とばかりに
as if to say; as though~
といえども
even if; even though; despite ~
と言えなくもない(といえなくもない)
one can even say that; it can also be said that ~
といい~といい
both ... and; not only ... also; whether it be ... or ~
といったらない
extremely; very; nothing more ... than this; as ... as it could possibly be
という
all; every single ~ (no exceptions)
というもの
during; for; since; over a period of time
というところだ / といったところだ
at the most; no more than; at best; roughly; about ~
というわけだ
that's why; no wonder; this means; it is the case that ~
というわけではない
it’s not that; it doesn’t mean that ~
といわず~といわず
both; not only A or B, but (overall) ~
ときている
because of ~
とみると
as soon as one realizes ..., then ~
と見るや(とみるや)
at the sight of; upon seeing; after confirming ~
となると / となれば
when it comes to; in such a case; if that happens
とされる
is considered to; it is said that ~
ときたら
when it comes to; concerning ~
ところを
although (it is a certain time/condition); even though normally
ともあろうものが
of all people (expression showing surprise at a high standing person's misbehavior)
ともなく / ともなしに
somehow; without knowing; without thinking; unconsciously ~
ともすれば
apt to (do); tend to; liable to; prone to ~
とも~とも
unable to draw a conclusion; unable to judge
とりわけ
especially; above all ~
としたことが
of all people, who would have thought?
とっさに
at once; right away; promptly
とて
even; even if/though ~
とはいえ
though; although; be that as it may; nonetheless
とは比べものにならない(とはくらべものにならない)
can't compare with ~
とは打って変わって / とは打って変わり(とはうってかわって / とはうってかわり)
unlike; totally different; very different from ~
つ~つ
and ~ (indicates two contrasting actions)
尽くす(つくす)
to use up (completely without anything remaining); to exhaust; to run out of ~
ってば / ったら
speaking of; I told you already; come on (annoyance / dissatisfaction)
うちに入らない(うちにはいらない)
not really; can't be regarded as ~
はどうであれ
however; whatever ~
はおろか
let alone; not to mention; needless to say ~
はさておき
setting aside ~
はそっちのけで / をそっちのけで
ignoring (one thing) for (another); instead of ~
わ〜わで
and (listing negative things happening at the same time)
や否や(やいなや)
as soon as; the moment ~
やしない
should do, but don't; absolutely not; there's no way ~
やれ~やれ
pattern to give two representative examples (usually negative)
ようが / ようと
even if; no matter how/what ~
ようが~ようが / ようと~ようと
no matter; whether; even if ,A or ,B
ようによっては / ようでは
depending on the way; depending on how; according to how ~
ようにも~ない
even if I wanted to… I couldn’t ~
ようと~まいと / ようが~まいが
whether or not; regardless
ゆえに
therefore; consequently; because of; due to ~
ずじまい
ended up not doing ~
ずにはおかない / ないではおかない
will definitely/certainly do something; cannot not ~
ずには済まない / ないでは済まない(ずにはすまない / ないではすまない)
must; will definitely; can’t help but to ~
ずとも
even without doing; even without being ~
ずくめ
completely; entirely; nothing but ~