だ
Casual sentence ender
です
Polite sentence ender
だった
Casual past tense marker
でした
Polite, past tense marker
は
The は particle: basic
これ
This
それ
That
あれ
That over there
どれ
Which?
ここ
Here
そこ
There
あそこ
Over there
どこ
Where
ます
Polite form: present tense affirmative
ません
Polite form: present tense negative
の
Possesion/attribute marker
い-adjectives
I-adjectives
な-adjectives
Na-adjectives
くない
I-adjectives negative form
くありません
I-adjectives negative form (polite)
じゃない
To not be (casual)
ではない
To not be (formal)
じゃなかった
Was not (casual)
ではなかった
Was not (formal)
ではありません
Is not (polite + formal)
じゃありません
Is not (semi polite)
が
The が particle: basic
Verb (dict form)
Casual form verbs: present affirmative
(Verb)ない
Casual form verbs: present negative
を
Direct object marker
い-adjectives (affirmative past tense)
I-adjectives (affirmative past tense)
な-adjectives (affirmative past tense)
Na-adjectives (affirmative past tense)
な-adjectives (negative past tense)
Na-adjectives (negative past tense)
〜くなかった
I-adjectives negative past tense
ちゃん
Chan (honorific)
さん
San (honorific)
くん
Kun (honorific)
さま
Sama (honorific)
か
Question particle
この
This(noun)
その
That(noun)
あの
That (noun) over there
どの
Which(noun)
の
Nominalizer
のが好き・のが嫌い
Like/dislike (verbs)
好きな~・嫌いな~
Like(noun)/dislike(noun)
~好き・~嫌い
Like/dislike
も
Inclusion marker ("too/also")
~上手
Good at
~下手
To be bad at
~得意
Good with
~苦手
Bad with
~ある
There is (non-living)
~いる
There is (living)
に
Locational/target marker
た form
Casual past tense (verbs)
ました
Polite form: past tense affirmative
ませんでした
Polite form: past negative (verbs)
(verb)なかった
Casual past negative (verbs)
に
Mode of transport/purpose marker
他動詞
Transitive verbs
自動詞
Intransitive verbs
する
To do (irregular verb)
来る
To come (irregular verb)
行く
To go (irregular verb)
~つ
General counter
~個
General counter
~人
Counter for people
に
Time marker
~の前
In front of
~の後ろ
Behind
~の横
Beside
~前に
Before
~後で/に
After/later
まだ
Still/not yet
もう
Already/anymore
〜か~か
Or
よ
Sentence ender
ね
Sentence ender
よね
Sentence ender
①(Interrogative)か
Someone/somewhere/etc
(Interrogative)も
No one/nowhere/etc.
だろう
I think; it seems; probably; right?
でしょう
I think; it seems; probably; right? (polite)
から
Because
ので
Because of; given that
なくちゃ・なきゃ
Gotta
~から
From
~まで
To; until
~の中・上・下
Inside/above/under
~より
From
~ほうがいい
Had better; it'd be better to; should
より~ほうが
X is more than Y
~より
More than
~ほうが
Than/more than
~の中で~が一番
The best/most of X group
~が一番
The best/most
の・ん
Explanatory particle
こと
Nominalizer
~たことがある
Past experiences
で
Method/tool marker
へ
Direction/destination marker
で
Locational marker: in; at
で
Total time indicator/time marker
〜たい
To want to...
なる
To become
〜にきめる
To decide on...
〜になる
X has been decided/has arisen
〜にする
To decide on something
(Verb)て~
Link actions together
と
Connecting particle
一緒に
Together
と
Quotation marker
って
Quotation marker (casual)/Exclamatory marker/Casual topic marker
て form (adjectives)
Te form for adjectives
や
Connector: and/or (non-exhaustive)
(や)〜など
Things such as...
たり~たり
Do things like X and Y
〜つもり
Plan/intent to...
〜予定
Plan/intention
〜なくて
Not X, so Y/Because X, Y
〜ないで
Without...
〜ないで
Don't do (casual)
ただ~(だけ)
Only/free/just
だけ
Only/just
しか〜ない
Only/just
てから
After/since doing...
そして
And then...
それから
Since then/After that
それで
And so/And therefore
〜てはいけない
Must not...
〜なくてはいけない
Must/need to do...
ちゃいけない・じゃいけない
Must not/must (casual)
くらい / ぐらい
Approximately/To X extent
頃(ころ / ごろ)
Around/When
〜ても・~でも・〜てもいい
Even/Even if/May I...?/You may...
〜なくても/〜なくてもいい
Even/Even if/Don't have to...
でも
But
けど
But
しかし
But/However ~
〜すぎる
Too much
〜てください
Please do...
〜ないでください
Please don't do...
(Verb)て
Casual command/suggestion
~ている
...ing (ongoing action/state)
まだ~ている
Has not yet.../Still...
もう〜ている
Has already.../Already...
〜よう
Volitional form
〜ませんか
Shall we...?
ましょう
Let's...
ましょうか
Shall I...?/Shall we...?
でも
Or something
〜(て)あげる
To do (for)/To give
〜(て)くれる
Something is done for the speaker/To do (for)/To give
〜(て)もらう
To have someone do/To receive
に
Indirect object marker (giving/receiving)
~かどうか
Whether or not /if
②(Interrogative)か
Where/when/who/what...
中・内
Inside
隣・横
Beside
を
Verb of motion marker
(Number)しか~ない
Only...
~も~ない
Not even.../Also is not...
~と言ってもいい
You could say...
あまり~ない
Not really...
全然~(ない)
(Not) at all
絶対
Definitely; certainly
〜ていく
To go do X/X goes on
〜てくる
To come do X/X starts.../To go do X and come back
〜(は)〜のひとつだ
X is one of (Category)
連体詞
Pre-noun adjectival
いつも
Always
たいてい
Generally/usually
だいたい
Generally/about
ときどき
Sometimes
~て
The means/manner of an action
〜ていた
Was/had/is.. (past continuous)
ずっと
Always/for ages
〜られる/える
Potential form
〜くする
To make something... (adjective)
〜くなる
To become... (adjective)
ことにする
To decide on
ことになる
Something is decided
かもしれない
Might/maybe/probably
まで
Even/to X extent
も
Even
ことができる
Can/able to...
~かしら
I wonder... (feminine)
なあ
Sentence ender
ぞ
Sentence ender (masculine)
~かな
I wonder...
の・なの
Sentence ender
~でできる
Made from
~からできる
Made from
(です・だ)が
But
~は~(が・けど)~は......
Contrasting statements
~ない~はない
There is no... that is not/does not
のに
Despite/even though
けれども
But/however
ただし
However
毎〜
Every (time-related noun)
ごとに
Every/each (interval)
〜そう(だ)
Looks like/appears...
〜そう(だ・です)
I hear/apparently... (hearsay)
〜ようだ
It seems/appears... (formal)
〜みたい(だ)
Seems like/is similar
〜らしい
It seems/apparently...
〜らしい
Typical.../...like
〜てみる
Try something
〜そうに ・〜そうな
Looks like/seems...
私・僕・うち・俺
First person pronouns/"I"
こんな・そんな・あんな・どんな
This/that (much)...; Like this/that; How much
こんなに・そんなに・あんなに・どんなに
This much/that much/how much
〜ように・~ような
Like/as
まい~のように
Almost every...
彼・彼女・あいつ
"He/She/Them": Third-Person Pronouns in Japanese
あなた・君・お前
"You": Second-Person Pronouns in Japanese
ら・たち
Pluralizing suffixes
~ておく
To do something in advance/to go ahead and...
~みたいな
Like
~みたいに
Like
~にみえる
To look/seem/appear
~とみえる
It looks like/seems...
こう・そう・ああ・どう
Like this/like that/how
~ように
In order to...
ようになる
To become X/to reach Y point
ようにする
To try to/make sure that...
~な
Don't do... (command)
~ろ・~え
Do... (imperative)
~ようにいう
Indirect Imperatives, "Tell someone to do..."
~なくてはならない
Must do.../need to do...
~ば
Conditional form
と
If/when: conditional marker
~ばいい・〜ばよかった
Should.../should have...
~といい
I hope.../It would be nice if...
〜てよかった
I’m glad that...
である
Written language marker
〜(が)ほしい
To want X
~てほしい
I want someone to do X/I want X to happen
〜ないといけない
Must do...
〜たら
Conditional form: If/when
〜なら
Conditional marker: If/topic marker
〜なければいけない
Must/Have to
〜なければならない
Must/Have to
〜場合は
In the event of...
〜たらどう
Why don't you.../How about...
〜たらいい(ですか)
What should I do?
例えば
For example
〜ことがある
There are times.../Sometimes...
〜とき
When/At the time of...
(noun)ばかり
Nothing but.../Only...
〜てばかり(いる)
Nothing but.../Only...
〜たばかり
Just...
〜だけでなく
Not only X, but also Y...
には ①
Locational compound particle
には ②
In order to.../For...
(present tense casual verb)ところ
About to...
〜たところ
Just (finished)...
〜ているところ
Currently.../In the middle of...
~出す
To start/to (suddenly) begin...
~始める
To start/to begin...
~続ける
To continue to...
〜終わる
To finish
~たがる・~ほしがる
(Someone) wants to do.../(Someone) wants...
〜がる
To act as if/To show signs of...
〜がり
Personality descriptor
〜に気がつく
To notice/realize
〜直す
To re-do
〜やすい
Easy to/tends to
〜づらい
Difficult to...
〜にくい
Difficult to...
それでも
Even so/despite
それに
And/what's more...
さすが
Naturally/as expected/... is inevitable
やっぱり
As expected
〜やる
To give/to do a favor (casual)
差し上げる
To give (polite)
〜ください
Please (give me/do)...
お願いします
Polite request
〜なさい
Do... (polite + firm)
〜な
Do... (casual)
〜が必要
... Is necessary
〜必要がある
There is a need to...
~はず
Should be...
~はずがない
There's no way...
尊敬語
Respectful language
自分
First/second/third-person pronoun - "Self"
受身形
Passive form
~方
The way/manner of...
謙譲語
Humble language
~いただく
Humble requests
~てくれてありがとう
Thanks for doing X for me
(の)でしょうか・(の)だろうか
I wonder.../Is it...?
じゃないか・ではないか
Isn't it?/Right?
間
While/during...
間に
While/during (X happened)
~ながら
While/simultaneously
~て・~なくて
Because/due to...
(Noun)で
て form for nouns
~てすみません・~てごめんなさい
I'm sorry about...
以上・以下・以外
More/less than/except
~さ
Nominalized adjectives/"-ness"
~み
Nominalized adjective/"-ness"
~させる・~せる
Causative form
~させて(ください・くれる・いただく・もらう)
Please allow me to...
てある
Is/has been done (resulting state)
~ために
In order to.../as a result of...
てすみません
I’m sorry for
~てしまう / ちゃう
To do (accidentally/regretably/completely)
~させられる
Causative-passive form/to be forced to do...
~他(に・は・には・にも・も・の)
Other/something else...
~化
"-ization"
~風
In the style of...
~ようと思う
Planning to/thinking of doing...
~と思われている・考えられている・言われている
It is thought/said that...
~し~(し)
And.../and what's more...
と思う(とおもう)
to think…; I think…; you think…
とか~とか
among other things; such as; like ~
~うちに
During/while/before...
~中
Currently/during...
あまり
So... (that)
あまりに(も)~
Excessively/so much... that
~べき(だ)
Ought to do/must do...
なかなか~
Quite/considerably...
なかなか~ない
Not... at all/far from...
ちゃんと・きちんと・しっかり
Properly/precise/sturdy
~によると ・~によれば
According to...
~という(noun)
A noun called/where...
~というのは
The thing called X...
~ということだ・~とのことだ
It is said/apparently...
~ということ
That means...
~つう
Casual/slang quotation
全く~ない
Not... at all
~なし
Without
~ことだ
Should do/need to do... (strong advice)
~こと
Must do... (rules)
~つもりで
With the intention of.../pretending/as if
~つもりだった
I intended to/I thought I...
~ずつ
... At a time/each
それでは・それじゃ・じゃあ
Well then/in that case/with that
~では
Compound particle (in/by)
~として
As a...
~は別として
Putting X aside.../aside from...
一体
What the heck/as one
~ものだ
General fact/advice/exclamation/nostalgia
~という理由で
Due to/for the reason...
~というのは事実だ
It is a fact that...
~どころか
Far from X, Y/not only X, but Y
~代わりに
Instead of/in exchange for...
~に代わって・~に代わり
Instead of/on behalf of...
~っけ
Clarification/nostalgia/rhetorical question marker
~わ
Emphatic sentence ender
~ぜ
Masculine sentence ender
せっかく~
With great pains/long awaited/special
~がち
Tend to/often... (negative tendancy/trend)
~まま
"As is"
~っぱなし
Leave X in Y state
~っぽい
Seems.../-ish
~気味
A bit.../-ish
~せい
Due to/X is at fault for...
~おかげで
Thanks to/because of...
~くせに
In spite of/even though...
一度に
At once
わざわざ
Go out of one's way to
ますます
More and more/less and less
つい
Unintentionally
ついに
Finally/in the end
前者・後者
Former and Latter
まさか
No way/don’t tell me...
~同士
Among/fellow...
わざと
On purpose
もしかしたら・もしかすると
Might
もしかして
Perhaps/by any chance
もし(も)〜たら
If/in the case
どうしても
No matter what/really/simply
どんなに~ても
No matter how (much)
〜とおり
As (thought/expected)/in the same way as
次第(しだい)①
As soon as
次第(しだい)②
Depending on
〜でよければ
If X is alright
できれば〜
If possible...
ふりをする
To pretend/to act as if
~込む(こむ)
To do... (well/thoroughly/for a long time/inside)
~切る(きる)
To do X completely/to the end
~通す(とおす)
To do: until the end/continuously/through
~上げる・上がる
Finish doing X
~たて
Just done/fresh/new
~かける
Half-/not yet finished/in the middle of~/nearly/almost
(から)〜にかけて
From...until/through
~きり
Since/only/always/totally
とすると
If that was the case/assuming
としたら
If it were the case that/assuming
とすれば
If it were the case that/assuming
すると
Thereupon/then
~のは~だ
It's X that's Y
~のは~の方だ
X is the one that's Y
〜型
Shapes/moulds/patterns/styles
姿 (すがた)
Form
~向け(むけ)
Intended for/aimed at
~向き(むき)
Suitable for
~てごらん
Try and do X (soft command)
への・での
の compound particles ①
からの・までの
の compound particles ②
との①・との②
の compound particles ③
ところが
However/even though
〜たところ
When X, Y
ところで
By the way...
ほど
Approximations/degree/extent
ほど~ない
Not as X as Y/X is the most...
~ば~ほど
The more you X the more you Y
〜のに
(In order) to do X/for...
〜的(てき)
-like/-al/-ly
もの / もん
‘Cause/excuse
〜ずに
Without doing X
〜ず
Didn't do X (so Y)
〜ずにはいられない
Cannot help but…
〜最中に(さいちゅうに)
While/during/in the middle of
〜上で①
Upon/after
〜上で②
When/for/in order to
すでに
Already been done/taken place/is already the case
〜に基づく
Based on/on the basis of ~
~点
An important point
なぜなら〜から
Because/the reason is
こそ①
Precisely/definitely
こそ②:〜からこそ・それこそ
Precisely because/*that* is X
~一方だ
X continues to Y
~一方で
On one hand/doing X, and also doing Y
~ばかりで
Only/just/nothing but...
~ばかりでなく
Not only X, but also Y
~ばかりだ
Continue to (go in a negative direction)/All one can do is X
~ばかりに
Simply because/on account of~ (negative result)
〜は~ことなのだ
X means that...
~は~で有名
X is famous for Y
〜ことはない①
There’s no need to...
〜ことはない②
X never happens/won't happen
〜と言っても
Even if one says X...
第一
The "first"
~と言うと
Speaking of X.../If you say X/by X, do you mean Y
~と言えば
Speaking of X/X is X but...
~と言ったら
Speaking of X.../When it comes to X
~ながらも
Even though...
~において・における
In terms of X/in/at/during (formal)
~合う
Together/reciprocally (compound verb)
~に合った・に合わせて
To fit with X
について
Concerning/regarding/about
〜おきに
Every/each (interval)
〜たびに
Every time/whenever
あるいは
Perhaps/or
~と(も)言える
You could say...
〜たとたん(に)
As soon as
そのため(に)
Due to that/for that reason
直ちに(ただちに)
Immediately
とともに①
Together with
とともに②
At the same time/While X, also Y
とともに③
As X happens, so does Y (long time periods/actions of change)
~に比べて・と比べて
Compared to
~につれて
Along with
〜にしたがって
In accordance with
従う(したがう)
To follow/in accordance with
〜によって / 〜により/ 〜による①
Depending on
〜によって / 〜により/ 〜による②
Due to
〜によって / 〜により / 〜による③
By means of/by
~かは~によって(ちがう)
X differs, depending on...
~ついでに
While/incidentally/at the same time/on the way
わけ①・②
For that reason / that's why (explanation/reasoning/understanding)
わけ③・④
So you mean... / I'm saying X (rephrasing/summarizing/emphasis)
また
Moreover/as well/or
なんか・なんて
Providing examples/belittling the subject
なんて
Disbelief/emphatic statements
~考えられない
Unthinkable/can't believe
~と同時に
At the same time as/while/simultaneously
~ないことはない
It's not that X isn't Y
〜ところだった
I nearly/almost...
そうもない /そうにない / そうにもない
Seems unlikely to
んだって
Emphatic quoting
だって~
'Cause
~(んだ)って
Emphasis/repetition
~に関係がある/関係のある
There is a connection
~に関する / に関して
About/regarding/related to ~
〜ことに
To my (surprise; frustration; etc.)
~に対して①
Towards; for
~に対して②
Compared to
~に対して③
Ratios/proportions
くらい/ぐらい②-1
To X extent
くらい/ぐらい②-2
X is about the only thing that...
くらい/ぐらい②-3
X is easy/unimportant
Intermediate だけ ①
As much as
Intermediate だけ ②: だけしか
Only X, nothing else
さ・さぁ・さあ
Ending particle/indicates assertion
それぞれ
Each
そこで①
Therefore/as such/so
そこで②
When X, "then" Y
そこを
There (concept/attribute/non-physical)
言うまでもない
It goes without saying
~しかない・~ほかない
No choice but to...
〜ようとする
Try to…/be about to…
~ようとしない
Won't even try to...
〜ようと思わない
No desire to...
割に(わりに)
Considering/for/despite
もっとも
Although
めったに~ない
Hardly/rarely/seldom
ほとんど(〜ない)
Mostly/(the) majority/hardly/barely
~に限る(にかぎる)①
X is limited to Y
~に限る(にかぎる)②
X is the best for Y
〜に当たる
X corresponds to...
~当たり
Per
に違いない(にちがいない)
There’s no doubt that…
〜と同じで
Similar to
〜と違って
Different to
〜と並んで
Comparable with
なるべく
As (much) as possible
再び(ふたたび)
Again/once more
さらに
Even more
ふと
Sudden/unexpected/unintentionally/quickly
ても構わない(てもかまわない)
I don't mind if you do X/giving permission/asking perimssion
〜ても〜てなくても
Whether or not
わけがない
There's no way
~で言うと
In terms of X
~で言う・で言うと・で言うところの
X is equivalent to...
(なぜ・どこ・だれ・いつ・なに)かというと〜
If I were to say (why/where/who/etc.)...
〜ことか
Who could say how.../God knows how...
(数量 etc) + は
At least X
たとえ~ても
Even if
わけにはいかない
Cannot afford to/must/ave no choice but to ~
というより
rather than ~
〜わけではない①
It doesn’t mean that/It is not the case that(Clarification)
~わけではない②
It is not that...(Partial negation)
とみえる / とみえて
it seems that ~
〜とは限らない(とはかぎらない)
Not necessarily so/is not always true
必ずしも〜(かならずしも)
Not necessary
決して~ない(けっして~ない)
By no means
途中で/途中に(とちゅうで/とちゅうに)
on the way; in the middle of ~
〜だらけ
Covered in/surrounded by/full of…
とても~ない
cannot possibly be; hardly ~
つい
accidentally; unintentionally; by mistake
ついに
finally; at last; in the end ~
つまり
in other words; in summary; in short ~
上に(うえに)
as well; besides; in addition to; not only… but also ~
はもちろん
not to mention; not only ... but also ~
わざわざ
to go to the trouble of; to go out of one's way to ~
よりも
in comparison to; rather than; more than ~
ようがない
there is no way to; it’s impossible to ~
ような気がする(ようなきがする)
have a feeling that; feels like; seems like; think that ~
ように見える(ようにみえる)
to look; to seem; to appear ~
さて
conjunction: well; now; then ~
さえ
even; so much as; not even
も~ば~も
and; also; as well; either/or; neither/nor
に慣れる(になれる)
to be used to something
ている場合じゃない(ているばあいじゃない)
this is no time to be doing ~
さえ~ば
if only; as long as ~
てはいけないから
in order to not~; to prevent a negative situation
際に(さいに)
when; at the time of; in the case of ~
てはじめて
not until; only after [x] did I
を込めて(をこめて)
filled with; full of
せいぜい
at the most; at best; to the utmost
にしては
for; considering it’s (something or someone)
にしても
even if; even though; regardless of ~
にとって
to; for; concerning; as far as ... is concerned; regarding ~
を中心に(をちゅうしんに)
focused on; centered on
をはじめ
for example; starting with
に反して(にはんして)
against; contrary to; in contrast to ~
てもしょうがない / てもしかたがない
there's no point to~; it's no use to~; it cannot be helped
ても始まらない(てもはじまらない)
even if you... it’s no use; there is no point to ~
~ばいい
Should do...
ば~のに
Would have/should have/if only ~
べきではない
should not do; must not do ~
別に~ない(べつに~ない)
not really, not particularly
ぶりに
for the first time in (period of time)
を通じて / を通して(をつうじて / をとおして)
through; via; throughout; by ~
だけど
but; however; although; regarding ~
結局(けっきょく)
after all; eventually; in the end ~
しばらく
for a moment; for a while; for the time being
それとも
or; or else ~
まさか
there's no way; that's impossible; you must be joking
まるで
as if; as though; just like ~
ことは~が
although; but ~
すなわち
in other words; namely ~
ことになっている
to be expected to; to be scheduled to; it has been decided as a rule that ~
ことから
from the fact that ~
たものだ
used to do; would often do
切れない(きれない)
(Delete) unable to do; too much to finish/complete
要削除
もっとだけ②
確かに(たしかに)
surely, certainly ~
がたい
very difficult to; hard to ~
結果(けっか)
as a result of; after ~
から〜にかけて
through; from [A] to [B]
じゃない
maybe; most likely; confirmation of information; express surprise towards listener
か何か(かなにか)
or something ~
たって
even if; even though; no matter how ~
いくら~ても
no matter how ~
てからでないと
must first do; cannot do without first doing ~
てしょうがない・てしかたがない
can't help but; very; extremely ~
むしろ
rather; instead; better ~
て済む(てすむ)
sufficient by; no problem to; resolve by ~
ないと
must do; unless/if you don't ~
あげく
to end up; in the end; finally; after all ~
ばかり
about, approximately ~
ばかりか
not only... but also; as well as ~
ちなみに
by the way; in this connection; incidentally; (conjunction)
ちっとも~ない
(not) at all; (not) in the least ~
だけあって
being the case; precisely because; as expected from ~
だけましだ
it’s better than; one should feel grateful for ~
だけに
being the case; precisely because; as one would expect
だけのことはある
no wonder; as expected of; not ... for nothing; not ... with nothing to show for it
だけは
to do all that one can
でしかない
merely; nothing but; no more than; there is only ~
どころではない
not the time for; not the place for; far from; anything but ~
どうやら
possibly; apparently; seems like; somehow; barely ~
どうせ
anyhow; in any case; at any rate; after all; no matter what
得ない(えない)
unable to; cannot; it is not possible to ~
得る(える / うる)
can; to be able to; is possible to~
ふうに
this way; that way; in such a way; how
がきっかけで / をきっかけに
with… as a start; as a result of; taking advantage of ~
げ
looks like; seems like; appears to ~
逆に(ぎゃくに)
conversely; on the contrary ~
反面(はんめん)
while, although; on the other hand~
果たして(はたして)
as was expected; sure enough; really; actually ~
一応(いちおう)
more or less; pretty much; roughly; tentatively ~
以上に(いじょうに)
more than; not less than; beyond ~
以上は(いじょうは)
because; since; seeing that ~
いきなり
abruptly; suddenly; all of a sudden; without warning
一気に(いっきに)
in one go; without stopping; all at once; immediately; instantly; right away ~
いわゆる
what is called; as it is called; the so-called; so to speak
いよいよ
at last; finally; beyond doubt
上(じょう)
for the sake of; from the standpoint of; as a matter of; in terms of ~
かのように
as if; just like ~
かと思ったら(かとおもったら)
just when; no sooner than ~
か~ないかのうちに
just as; right after; as soon as ~
かえって
on the contrary; rather; all the more; surprisingly ~
限り(かぎり)
as long as; while… is the case; as far as; while ~
甲斐がある(かいがある)
it’s worth one’s efforts to do something
かねない
(someone) might do something; something might happen
かねる
unable to do something; can’t do something
から言うと(からいうと)
in terms of; from the point of view of ~
からこそ
precisely because ~
から見ると(からみると)
from the point of view of; by the look of; judging from ~
からには
now that; since; so long as; because ~
からして
judging from; based on; since; from; even ~
からすると / からすれば
judging from; considering; by the look of ~
からと言って(からといって)
just because; even if; even though ~
っこない
no chance of; … is definitely not possible
ことだから
because; since ~
ことなく
without doing something even once
ことにはならない
just because… doesn’t mean ~
くせして
although; despite the fact that; even though ~
まだしも
rather; better ~
まい
will not; will probably not; intend not to; must not ~
もかまわず
without caring; without worrying about ~
も当然だ(もとうぜんだ)
it’s only natural; no wonder; might as well ~
ものだから
so; therefore; the reason for something
ものではない
shouldn’t do something; it’s impossible to ~
ものがある
there is such a thing; to be the case that; feels like ~
ものか / もんか
as if (something untrue were actually true); there's no way ~
ものなら
if I/we could; if ,A is possible, then ,B; if one can do something, then ~
ものの
but; although; even though ~
もう少しで(もうすこしで)
almost; nearly, close to ~
ないではいられない
can’t help but feel; can’t help but do ~
ないことには~ない
unless you ~
中を / 中では(なかを / なかでは)
in; on; in the midst of; when; while ~
なくはない / なくもない
it’s not that; I may (double negative)
なくて済む(なくてすむ)
get by without doing ~
何も~ない(なにも~ない)
nothing; (not) ~ at all; there’s no need to ~
なお
still; yet; furthermore; in addition ~
ねばならない
have to do; must; should ~
にあたって
at the time; on the occasion of ~
にほかならない
nothing but; none other than ~
に限らず(にかぎらず)
not just; not only... but also ~
に限って(にかぎって)
only; in particular ~
に関わらず(にかかわらず)
in spite of; regardless of ~
に関わる(にかかわる)
to relate to; to have to do with; relating to ~
に決まっている(にきまっている)
certainly; I’m sure/certain that; it must be the case that ~
に越したことはない(にこしたことはない)
it’s best that, there’s nothing better than ~
に応えて(にこたえて)
in response to ~
に加えて(にくわえて)
in addition ~
に向かって(にむかって)
to face; to go towards; to head to ~
に応じて(におうじて)
depending on; in accordance with ~
に際して(にさいして)
on the occasion of; at the time of ~
に先立ち(にさきだち)
before; prior to ~
にせよ/ にしろ
even if; regardless; whether... or ~
にしろ~にしろ
whether… or ~
にしたら / にすれば
from one’s perspective; from the point of view of ~
にしても~にしても
regardless of whether ~
に沿って(にそって)
along with; in accordance with ~
に相違ない(にそういない)
without a doubt; certain; sure
に過ぎない(にすぎない)
no more than; just; merely; only ~
に伴って(にともなって)
as; due to; with; along with; following; accordingly ~
につけ
every time; whenever; as; whether; in (either case)
につき
due to; because of; per; each
にわたって
throughout; over a period of ~
にも関わらず(にもかかわらず)
despite; in spite of; nevertheless; although ~
にて
in, at, with, by (formal particle)
のももっともだ
no wonder; …is only natural
の下で(のもとで)
under; with ~
の上では(のうえでは)
according to; from the viewpoint of ~
のみ
only; nothing but
のみならず
not only; besides; as well as ~
ぬ
negative verb conjugation; traditional version of ない
抜きにして / 抜きで(ぬきにして/ ぬきで)
without; leaving out; cutting out ~
抜く(ぬく)
to do something from beginning to end; completely, extremely ~
を契機に(をけいきに)
as a good opportunity/chance to; as a result of; make the best of ~
をめぐって
concerning; in regard to ~
をもとに
based on; derived from; building on; beginning with ~
を除いて(をのぞいて)
except; with the exception of; excluding ~
を問わず(をとわず)
regardless of; irrespective of; no matter
お~願う(お~ねがう)
please do; could you please…; I ask of you to ~
おまけに
to make matters worse; besides; what's more; in addition; on top of that
恐らく(おそらく)
perhaps; likely; probably; I dare say ~
恐れがある(おそれがある)
it is feared that; to be in danger of; to be liable to ~
及び(および)
and; as well as ~
ろくに~ない
not well; not enough; improperly; insufficiently; unsatisfactorily ~
幸いなことに(さいわいなことに)
fortunately; luckily; thankfully ~
せいか
perhaps because ~
せめて
at least; at most ~
次第に(しだいに)
gradually (progress into a state); in sequence; in order
しかも
moreover; furthermore; and yet; what’s more ~
その上(そのうえ)
besides; in addition; furthermore ~
それなのに
and yet; despite this; but even so ~
それなら
if that’s the case; if so ~
それにしても
nevertheless; at any rate; even so; be that as it may ~
そう言えば(そういえば)
come to think of it; now that you mention it ~
そうすると
having done that; if that is done; if it is done in that way
末に(すえに)
finally; after; following; at the end/ conclusion of ~
少しも~ない(すこしも~ない)
not one bit; not even a little ~
少なくとも(すくなくとも)
at least ~
たまえ
do~; order somebody to do something
てばかりはいられない
can’t keep doing ~
てでも
even if I have to; by all means ~
て以来(ていらい)
since; henceforth ~
ていては
if one keeps doing ~
てこそ
now that; since (something happened)
てならない
can't help but; dying to; extremely ~
てたまらない
can't help but; dying to; extremely ~
て当然だ(てとうぜんだ)
natural; as a matter of course
ては / では
whenever; if; when~; repetitive action
てはいられない
can’t afford to; unable to ~
てはならない
must not; cannot; should not ~
ては~ては
repetitive situations/actions
といった
like; such as ~
というふうに
in such a way that ~
ということは
that is to say; so that means; in other words ~
というものだ
something like; something called ~
というものではない
there is no guarantee that…; not necessarily ~
と考えられる(とかんがえられる)
one can think that; it is conceivable that; considered ~
とか(で)
I heard that ~
とっくに
long ago; already; a long time ago
ところに
at the time; just as I was ~
ところを見ると(ところをみると)
judging from; seeing that ~
とも
even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); though ~
として~ない
not at all; there is not even one
としても
assuming; even if ~
つつ
while; even though; despite ~
つつある
to be doing; to be in the process of doing ~
上は(うえは)
now that; since; as long as ~
はもとより
also; let alone; from the beginning
はともかく
anyhow; anyway; regardless; in any case; whether or not ~
わずかに
slightly; only; barely; narrowly ~
やがて
before long; soon; almost; eventually ~
やら~やら
such things as A and B; A and B and so on ~
よほど / よっぽど
very; greatly; much; to a large extent
よりほかない
to have no choice but ~
ようでは
if ~ (bad result)
ようではないか
let’s do (something); why don’t we ~
ようか~まいか
whether or not; considering options
要するに(ようするに)
in short; in a word; to sum up; to put it simply ~
ざるを得ない(ざるをえない)
cannot help (doing); have no choice but to ~
ずに済む (ずにすむ)
get by without doing ~
敢えて(あえて)
dare to; daringly; deliberately; purposely ~
あくまでも
to the end; persistently; absolutely; is still very ~
案の定(あんのじょう)
just as one thought; as usual; sure enough
あらかじめ
beforehand; in advance; previously
あっての
which can exist solely due to the presence of; which owes everything to
ばこそ
only because ~
ばそれまでだ / たらそれまでだ
if… then it’s over
べからず / べからざる
must not; should not; do not ~
べく
in order to; for the purpose of ~
べくもない
cannot possibly be ~
べくして
as it is bound to (happen); following the natural course
びる / びて / びた
to seem to be; to appear; to behave as ~
ぶり / っぷり
style; manner; way
ぶる / ぶって / ぶった
assuming the air of; behaving like; to pretend / act like ~
だに / だにしない
even; not even ~
だの~だの
and; and the like; and so forth ~
だろうに
(1) surely..., but ~; although... is likely, ~ (2) should have (regret); might / must have been ~
であれ / であろうと
whoever; whatever; however; even ~
であれ~であれ
whether ,A or ,B
でもあり~でもある
to also be; both… and ~
でも何でもない / くも何ともない(でもなんでもない / くもなんともない)
not in the least; nothing like that
でなくてなんだろう
must be; is definitely ~
ではあるまいか
isn't it; I wonder if it’s not ~
ではあるまいし
it’s not like; it isn’t as if ~
では済まない(ではすまない)
it doesn’t end with just ~; it will take more than ~
どうにも~ない
not … by any means; no matter how hard one tries, cannot ~
が早いか(がはやいか)
no sooner than; as soon as ~
が/も~なら、~も~だ
negative connection/comparison (like father like son)
がましい
look like; sound like; approximate; similar to; somewhat like ~
がてら
while; on the same occasion; at the same time; coincidentally ~
ごとき / ごとく / ごとし
like; as if; the same as ~
ぐるみ
together (with); -wide
羽目になる(はめになる)
to get stuck with; to end up with (something unpleasant)
ほどのことではない
it's not worth; no need to ~
ほうがましだ
better than; would rather ~
放題(ほうだい)
doing as one pleases; to one's heart's content; leaving uncontrolled
いかんだ / いかんでは / いかんによっては
in accordance with; depending on; whether or not ~
いかんにかかわらず / いかんによらず / いかんをとわず
regardless of; whether or not; doesn't matter whether ~
いかなる
any kind of; every; whatsoever; whatever
いかに
how; in what way; how much; to what extent
いかにも
indeed; really; truly; just (like); very; extremely ~
いずれにしても / いずれにしろ / いずれにせよ
anyhow; anyway; either way; in any case ~
じみた
to become; to appear like; to look like; tainted with ~
か否か(かいなか)
whether or not ~
かと思いきや(かとおもいきや)
contrary to expectations; or so we thought, but ~
限りだ(かぎりだ)
to feel strongly
甲斐もなく(かいもなく)
despite; even though ~
可能性がある(かのうせいがある)
may/might; there’s a possibility that ~
からある / からする / からの
at least; as much as; as many as ~
かれ~かれ
sooner or later; more or less
かたがた
while; at the same time; incidentally; for the purpose of ~
かたわら
while; besides; at the same time; in addition
かつて
once; before; formerly; ever; former; ex-
嫌いがある(きらいがある)
bad habit; to have a tendency to ~
切りがない(きりがない)
endless; boundless; going on forever; there’s no end to ~
きっての
the most / greatest … of all
極まる / 極まりない(きわまる / きわまりない)
extremely; very ~
こそあれ
although; even though ~
こそすれ
and; although; but ~
こそ「~が・けれど」
but; although (emphasis)
ことごとく
altogether; entirely; completely ~
ことこの上ない / この上ない / この上なく(ことこのうえない / このうえない / このうえなく)
the most of all; the best; nothing is more ... than ~
こともあって
partly because; also because of; plus the reason for ~
ことなしに
without doing something
ことのないように
so as not to; to not ~
こととて
because; since ~
くらいなら
rather than (do ...)
くらいのものだ
only (emphasis)
までだ / までのことだ
only; just; nothing else
までもない / までもなく
there's no need to; it’s not necessary to ~
まじき
should not; must not ~
まくる
to do over and over again; to do relentlessly
まみれ
covered with; stained; smeared with ~
まるっきり
completely; absolutely; totally; (not) at all ~
めく
seems; show signs of; to have the appearance of ~
も同然だ(もどうぜんだ)
just like; same as ~
もさることながら
one may well say so, but~; not only... but also ~
もしないで
without even doing ~
もはや
already; now; no longer; not anymore
もので
because; for that reason
ものを
if only; I wish; I'm sorry it's not actually (regret)
ものと思われる / ものと見られる(ものとおもわれる / ものとみられる)
to think; to suppose; it is believed/expected that ~
ものとする
shall; to assume; understood as ~
ものとして
to assume; to suppose; on the presumption that ~
もしくは
or; otherwise
んばかりに
as if; as though ~
んがために
in order to ~
ながらに / ながらの
while; during; without change; performed in this condition
ないまでも
not to say; although it does not reach the level of ~
ないものでもない
is not entirely impossible
ないものか / ないものだろうか
isn't there; can’t we…?; can’t I…?
ないとも限らない(ないともかぎらない)
not necessarily; I can't say that; maybe; might ~
なくしては
cannot do without ~
並み(なみ)
average; ordinary; same level as; equal to; on par with ~
なんという / なんと / なんて
how (beautiful, etc.); what a ~
何しろ(なにしろ)
at any rate; after all; anyhow; anyway; in any case; because; as you know ~
ならでは
distinctive of; uniquely applying to; special to ~
ならいざしらず / はいざしらず
I don't know about ... but; it may be possible for ... but ~
なり
as soon as; right after ~
なりに / なりの
suitable; in one's own way/style
なりとも
at least; even just a little (adverbial particle)
なり~なり
,A or ,B or something; for instance ~
なしに / なしで
without; without doing ~
に
and; in addition to; the combination of ~
に値する(にあたいする)
to be worth; to be worthy of; to deserve; to merit ~
にあって
at; on; during; in the condition of ~
に引き換え(にひきかえ)
compared to; in contrast to; unlike; while; whereas ~
に至る / に至った(にいたる / にいたった)
leads to; come to a conclusion
に至るまで(にいたるまで)
as far as; up until; everything from ... to ~
に至っても(にいたっても)
even if; even though; although something reached the point ~
に至っては(にいたっては)
when it comes to; as for ~
に言わせれば(にいわせれば)
if you ask; if one may say ~
に限ったことではない(にかぎったことではない)
not limited to only ~
にかかっては / にかかったら / にかかると / かかれば
when handled by (N), becomes a completely different result
にかかっている
depending on; to depend on; whether or not
にかこつけて
to use as a pretext; to use as an excuse
にかまけて
to be too busy; to focus / concentrate only on ~
に難くない(にかたくない)
easy to do; it’s not hard to (imagine, understand, guess)
にまつわる
to be related to; to concern; associated with ~
に則って(にのっとって)
based on; according to; in accordance with ~
に先駆けて(にさきがけて)
prior to; to be the first (pioneer); being ahead of ~
に忍びない(にしのびない)
cannot bring oneself (to do); unable to bear ~
にしたところで / としたところで
even if; even supposing that ~
にして
at / on / under certain conditions (time, position, age, number of times)
に即して(にそくして)
according to; in keeping with; to be based on ~
に耐える / に耐えない(にたえる / にたえない)
worth doing; can do; cannot bear doing ~
に足らない / に足りない(にたらない / にたりない)
cannot; not worthy; not worth doing ~
に足る / に足りる(にたる / にたりる)
can do; worthy; worth doing
に照らして(にてらして)
according to; in view of; in light of ~
にとどまらず
not limited to; not only… but also ~
には無理がある(にはむりがある)
difficult to do; is unreasonable / unrealistic / impossible
によらず
regardless of ~
に~を重ねて(に~をかさねて)
success after continuous (effort, work, adjustments, etc.)
にもほどがある
there is a limit to what is acceptable; to go too far
にも増して(にもまして)
more than…; above ~
には当たらない(にはあたらない)
it’s not worth; there’s no need to; does not correspond to ~
には及ばない(にはおよばない)
there is no need to; unnecessary; no match for ~
の至り(のいたり)
utmost; extremely ~
の極み(のきわみ)
utmost; extremely ~
のなんのって
extremely ~ (cannot be expressed in words)
のやら / ものやら / ことやら
I wonder...; unsure; I don’t know ~
のやら~のやら
or ~ (I don't know)
を踏まえて(をふまえて)
to be based on; to take into account ~
を経て(をへて)
through; by way of; after; via ~
を控えて(をひかえて)
to be soon; the time has come to; nearby; ahead of ~
をいいことに
to take advantage of ~
を顧みず / も顧みず(をかえりみず / もかえりみず)
despite; without considering; not worrying about; regardless of ~
を限りに(をかぎりに)
starting from; the last time (ending a continued action)
を兼ねて(をかねて)
also for the purpose of ~
を皮切りに(をかわきりに)
one after another; starting with ~
を機に(をきに)
as an opportunity/chance to ~
を禁じ得ない(をきんじえない)
can’t help but; can’t refrain from ~
をものともせずに
in defiance of; not losing to / afraid / worrying about ~
をもって / をもちまして
by means of; with; on / at / as of (time)
をおいて~ない
only; can only be; there is no alternative, only ~
を押して / を押し切って(をおして / をおしきって)
to overcome (opposition); to push past ~
を境に(をさかいに)
since ~ (indicates a large change before & after)
を余儀なくされる(をよぎなくされる)
to be forced to do something because one has no other choice
をよそに
despite; without regards to ~
を前提として(をぜんていとして)
with the intention to; on the condition / assumption ~
思いをする(おもいをする)
to think; to feel ~
折に(おりに)
when; at the time; on the occasion ~
およそ
about; roughly; generally; approximately; completely ~
さも
really (seem, appear, etc.); truly; as if ~
さもないと
otherwise; or else; if not ~
さぞ
surely; certainly; no doubt; indeed ~
始末だ(しまつだ)
end up; in the end; as a result (negative)
そばから
as soon as; right after ~
そびれる
to miss a chance; to fail to do ~
損なう / 損ねる / 損じる(そこなう / そこねる / そんじる)
to do something wrong; by mistake; to miss a chance; to fail to ~
術がない(すべがない)
there is no way / means; cannot do ~
すら / ですら
even ~ (with emphasis)
た弾みに / た拍子に(たはずみに / たひょうしに)
the moment ,A, unintentionally / inadvertently caused something to happen
たことにする / たことになる
pretend to; see things as untrue; contrary to the truth ~
たところで
even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how)
たつもりはない
have no intention to / didn't mean to ~
ただ~のみだ
all we can do is; can do nothing but; only ~
ためしがない
is never the case; has never happened; I have never seen or heard of ~
たら最後 / たが最後(たらさいご / たがさいご)
if you do... negative result
たら~たで
if / in the case... of course / should ~
たら~ところだ
if... (counterfactual condition), then would be ~
たりとも
not even; not any ~
たるもの / たる
(those) who are; (that) which is; in the capacity of ... should ~
て敵わない(てかなわない)
can't bear to; unable to; troublesome to; can’t stand to ~
てからというもの
ever since ~
てみせる
I’ll do my best; I'll definitely do; I'll show you ~
てしかるべきだ
should; appropriate; it is natural to do ~
て済むことではない(てすむことではない)
~ is not enough to solve the problem; cannot be resolved by ~
てやまない
always; never stop; can’t help but ~
手前(てまえ)
considering; before; in front of; one’s standpoint
てもどうにもならない
it's no use; can't do anything
ても差し支えない(てもさしつかえない)
can ~; it’s okay if ~ (indicates permission or compromise)
ても知らない(てもしらない)
if (you) continue... you'll end up / I don't care about it
と相まって(とあいまって)
together with..., more; because of the influence of..., more ~
とあれば
if it is the case that; if ~
とあって
due to the fact that; because of ~
とばかりに
as if to say; as though~
といえども
even if; even though; despite ~
と言えなくもない(といえなくもない)
one can even say that; it can also be said that ~
といい~といい
both ... and; not only ... also; whether it be ... or ~
といったらない
extremely; very; nothing more ... than this; as ... as it could possibly be
という
all; every single ~ (no exceptions)
というか~というか
or rather; or perhaps I should say; I mean ~
というもの
during; for; since; over a period of time
というところだ / といったところだ
at the most; no more than; at best; roughly; about ~
というわけだ
that's why; no wonder; this means; it is the case that ~
というわけではない
it’s not that; it doesn’t mean that ~
といわず~といわず
both; not only A or B, but (overall) ~
ときている
because of ~
とみると
as soon as one realizes ..., then ~
と見るや(とみるや)
at the sight of; upon seeing; after confirming ~
となると / となれば
when it comes to; in such a case; if that happens
とされる
is considered to; it is said that ~
ときたら
when it comes to; concerning ~
ところを
although (it is a certain time/condition); even though normally
ともあろうものが
of all people (expression showing surprise at a high standing person's misbehavior)
ともなく / ともなしに
somehow; without knowing; without thinking; unconsciously ~
ともすれば
apt to (do); tend to; liable to; prone to ~
とも~とも
unable to draw a conclusion; unable to judge
とりわけ
especially; above all ~
としたことが
of all people, who would have thought?
とっさに
at once; right away; promptly
とて
even; even if/though ~
とは
I didn't know; I was surprised that; the fact that ~
とはいえ
though; although; be that as it may; nonetheless
とは比べものにならない(とはくらべものにならない)
can't compare with ~
とは打って変わって / とは打って変わり(とはうってかわって / とはうってかわり)
unlike; totally different; very different from ~
つ~つ
and ~ (indicates two contrasting actions)
尽くす(つくす)
to use up (completely without anything remaining); to exhaust; to run out of ~
ってば / ったら
speaking of; I told you already; come on (annoyance / dissatisfaction)
うちに入らない(うちにはいらない)
not really; can't be regarded as ~
はどうであれ
however; whatever ~
はおろか
let alone; not to mention; needless to say ~
はさておき
setting aside ~
はそっちのけで / をそっちのけで
ignoring (one thing) for (another); instead of ~
わ〜わで
and (listing negative things happening at the same time)
や否や(やいなや)
as soon as; the moment ~
やしない
should do, but don't; absolutely not; there's no way ~
やれ~やれ
pattern to give two representative examples (usually negative)
ようが / ようと
even if; no matter how/what ~
ようが~ようが / ようと~ようと
no matter; whether; even if ,A or ,B
ようによっては / ようでは
depending on the way; depending on how; according to how ~
ようにも~ない
even if I wanted to… I couldn’t ~
ようと~まいと / ようが~まいが
whether or not; regardless
ゆえに
therefore; consequently; because of; due to ~
ずじまい
ended up not doing ~
ずにはおかない / ないではおかない
will definitely/certainly do something; cannot not ~
ずには済まない / ないでは済まない(ずにはすまない / ないではすまない)
must; will definitely; can’t help but to ~
ずとも
even without doing; even without being ~
ずくめ
completely; entirely; nothing but ~